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5/11/2005 - STAFF REPORTS (10)
fY n�5'o suotloV luo2in oupywIloj all .zo3 ooz ql I I �Uw ll:)Unoa XJID s tuudS �iud au,L put), Spuag :Iy1i uotlijad , q ajau aAk April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline we see. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees -- cutting overhead to survive. The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature i mac of na i uri uivn i 1 April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council„ We are shop owners and merchants in down town Paine Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a I progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting wierhead . The decline of Visitors and custorners is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogbutn has been contracted by the city as Do%n town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to taming around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new connxact. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature �. " ej April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Pahn Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogbum has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Sign�ture n 77�D�Llo s O I 11 Tc f�\c.CY�ez, , 1 April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline we see. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees -- cutting overhead to survive. The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature YX 64 '�--s IQCT;.�- April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Pahn Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature �jav� . 0", F � 4171 —2: le� Va "i fISIG �60X 7 Clock dI ope, April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, c Signature -Lor'ske., 42 �r An 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The,impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogbum a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, g � S� S,inv afore _ < � 1C)ns lt�i 1 _ _ April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature _ Cc-4 -- - - ---- ��►�s �e�{��ess•I-ems �,.�.�,�-� 7- April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants m down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature+ 4 a /' ; lie MCA 9 - • Qzwe I April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily, The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signatur r C C AN S 6rxj CT-A-" F--n 'r April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchanis in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely Signat re t6� S f �W'fL _ u 10M- April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogbum has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, 'IL Ieww, /mac f fO f Signature �� °LfL�'G2.49�� �i.f l✓t April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline we see. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees -- cutting overhead to survive. The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. �Sincerely, ` C t e t G�,A -q '7, �w� April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Signature Cr r � 5 13— (S April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchanis in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, Si atur V � / April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogburn has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, --_- Signature — — ��G CHAP_ NDT6(_, JL � I l `'� i e✓hutc Y ysw cat s;� ce)0 6 Z i April 19, 2005 To Mayor Oden and the Palm Springs City Council, We are shop owners and merchants in down town Palm Springs and very concerned with the decline in down town. We watch daily as a progression of shops close and the business climate decays. Many remaining stores have few or no employees --due to cutting overhead . The decline of Visitors and customers is obvious daily. The impact on our business district is too significant to deny, changes are desperately needed NOW. During the last 15 years Jerry Ogbum has been contracted by the city as Down town Development Coordinator. The past 15 years have however been the period of great decline. We believe One significant step to turning around down town would be to deny Mr. Ogburn a new contract. Please recruit and hire someone with vision and the talent needed to create change for our down town. Sincerely, i Signature 'Z� I �— CU�� - These Business's Signed the petition-- for a new PS Downtown Development Coordinator------ 1. Sam Bork Shoes 2. Salon 119 and Spa 3. Resorts West Realty 4. CV Flooring 5. Sublime 6. R & R Men's Wear 7. Hello-Bali Island Imports 8. The Wardrobe 9. More Than a Mouthful\ 10. THE BOTTOM LINE MAGAZINE 11. The Diet Center 12. Celebrity Bookstore 13. Mr. G's toy's and expressions 14. Palm Spring's Aloe People 15. Thomas Gallery 16. NorthStar Financial 17. Panache Interiors 18. BELLA's 19. Frenchy's 20. D. I .R. International 21. The Wright Image 22. Loads of Fun 23. Latina Books e' MAS 24. Art'e B's Deli 25. Mel Schwartz Jewelery 26. Paradice 27. Del Sol 28. Melange 29. Wende RAE skin Care 30. ROBANN"S jewelers 31. P.S. Kid's Corner 32. P.S. General Store 33. James Callahan International 34. CHICO'S 35. Terra Fine Art Images 36. Music Box & Clock Shop 37. Memento 38. Hotel Timeshare 39. Grill -A Burger 40. BLU Boutique 41. Marianne of Palm Springs 42. INES of Palm Springs 43. Happy Sushi 44. Delux Homes LLC 45. CRAZY SHIRTS 46. Imageville 47. A Fabulous Salon 48. Shafer Antiques 49. (HEPHAESTUS ) HUH FES THUHS Jewelers 50. Jose Neura Salon 51. London Underground 52. Classy Prints. com 53. Palm Springs Scoops 54. Pegasus Antiques 55. Galleria 56. BRAM'S 57. Madison and CO. 58. Bella Salon 475 59. Puppy LUV Pet Salon 60. G. William Craig Bookseller 61. Contax Plus and Assoc 62. Jamaica ME TAN 63. Blue Pear Gifts 64. Clausen Gallery 65. Soho Gallery 66. The Cocky Cactus 67. Something Else 68. Elegant Illusions 69. T-Shirt City 70. Loretta's 71. Ardelia's 72. Desert Wines 73. Color Hair 74. Road House 75. Marc Russell 76. Mail Box Plus 77. Running Wild 78. Flower Mart 79. Book Exchange 80. Teriyaki Yoga 81. J.C. Clearance Center 82. Florence Delgado-Las Causuelo's (The Original) 83. K2 Properties 84. Patty Service Delgado --Las Causuelo's Terrazo 85. REVENGE 86. Alishe 89. Las Palmas Gallery 90. Camera Exchange 91. PALM SPRING'S FLORIST 92. Antique Collective 93. Tchotchke's 95. Las Palmas Antiques 96. Al Dente Trottoria 97. Sausalito Silver Company 98. `Z' Boutique 99. C �Pe E u �-o 100. i4 o-re-% 101. s H s� 102. e4 103. � nni��� 104. �, �� a ri, pp 1 �"l1LSuh1 wwv�n��nn�fflhY®@�P3o��fa�a��uac��s.co� Lqy,"y L% g; �' ® .ref -moo T©��, �f SQL'€ �s,' l�02'2'G�2 May 11, 2005 Ron Oden Mike McCulloch Ginny Foat Chris Mills Steve Pougnet Palm Springs City Council Dear Council Members: As members of the board of the Small Hotels of Palm Springs association, we ask the Palm Springs City Council to focus your immediate attention to the city's struggling downtown and uptown business areas. Each one of us has guests repeatedly approaching us to ask, "What is happening to the Palm Springs we used to enjoy?Why is downtown half-closed?Why are the stores leaving?" At this point we are not even sure how to reply. We strongly urge you to address this situation immediately, and hopefully with new direction and new, engaging ideas. None of our businesses can wait for several more years to pass before business on Palm Canyon turns around. Palm Canyon was, and should be today, a lively destination filled with interesting and high-quality boutiques, restaurants, galleries, and attractions. Yet, we have watched as numerous stores choose to either close or go down valley.Although limited progress has been made in attracting business to downtown, significant initiatives must now be undertaken to achieve a true turnaround. Please call on us for any assistance we can lend—we know we are all in this together! Successful downtown and uptown areas are vital to all of our businesses. Sincerely, Rod Callahan, President, Small Hotels of Palm Springs, owner Cally Lily Inn Craig Blau, Board Member, owner The Chase Hotel Rich Campbell, Board Member,general manager The Horizon Hotel Sue Lovato, Board Member,general manager Villa Royale Doug Mannoff, Board Member, owner Desert House Inn Bob Rosenau, Board Member, owner Pepper Tree Inn Frank Tysen, Board Member, owner Casa Cody Bob Weithorn, Board Member, owner Orchid Tree Inn John Williams, Board Member, owner INNdulge Sandra Winters, Board Member, owner El Rancho Lodge tl la c� 7�1C"1iu ti'�C,hl:L'�S �F'C7�'�'U��r o� >��:70'ii7u 5, a'P.r'C v;p:aSu:, UGI'dOQb7ll �C°uUP'".1e derr'llli 04P7,)dd'"a 4:i6m`ll"utitl:iHa6;Grsy C"4''yJr4;;;27ra� Gb?d prarz,1,%i es'-NC' PuC;ii,AC9Cc9'J'i: cornrnuzn0a1i 4J''f sme#6' I-i J'dl"gk Cimd tans P l='ahn Palm Springs µ.VS May 11, 2005 Ecanomic Development Corporation N NonpmfiiI Publlc lnleresl Cory—flon Mayor and City Council Members City of Palm Springs 3200 E Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, CA 92262 Dear Mayor and City Council Members: Over the past several years PSEDC has had the opportunity of working with Jerry Ogburn on a number of issues relative to downtown, including downtown parking, downtown visioning workshops and new project reviews. He has worked tirelessly on the Desert Fashion Plaza project and spent countless hours with the developer, city officials,prospective tenants and owners on moving this project along. The PSEDC finds Jerry to be a valuable partner and effective principal point of contact for the diverse group of downtown stakeholders, which includes property owners, landlords, merchants,restaurateurs,residents and visitors. He works to bring together and partner other civic organizations, including il$e Chamber, PSEDC, Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians and the Palm Springs Hotel & Hospitality Association to help benefit and revitalize downtown. During his tenure at Mainstreet he has structured the Board to include block captains representing every section of the downtown to specifically keep everyone informed and engaged; this has proven to facilitate excellent communication throughout the community. The PSEDC strongly supports the renewal of Jerry Ogbum's contract for Director of the Downtown Development Center. We appreciate his tireless efforts to make Palm Springs a stronger and more vibrant community. If you should have any questions or want further comment,please don't hesitate to contact me. Sincerel / Jon C �ry President Cc: City Manager's Office Jerry Ogburn, Mainstreet Joy Meredith, President, Mainstreet Board 100-6)—a C- COMM r 1fT Cathy Van Horn, Economic Development Downtown Partnership RECEI V%D CITY OF PALN SIP.RI O %�Y f lC�PHtZK` 33 AL Memorandum 2005 mf� �TYi Date: 5111/2005 To: Mayor Ron Oden and Councilmembers, City of Palm Springs City Council From:Rob W. Parkins RE: Jerry Ogburn A prior commitment precludes my ability to speak before you tonight; therefore I hope . this reaches you in time as you deliberate the renewal of a contract for Jerry Ogburn. I would like to remind those of you who remember, and inform those of you who do not, that when I was first appointed to the City in 1991, the "Village" of Palm Springs' downtown was considered to be dowdy, run-down, with a very high storefront vacancy rate, and largely populated with seasonal shops mostly engaged in selling T-shirts. There was very little, if any, entertainment, and no outdoor cafes. Fortunately we had just engaged the services of Jerry Ogburn who knew, as did I from my previous experience in the City of Miami Beach, that in order to reverse that decline two things had to happen. Outmoded Zoning Codes, that prevented outdoor seating areas had to be amended, and that every one-dollar that you spend on improved, well thought out Public Infrastructure will result in five dollars of Private Investment. Jerry's talents as an Architect with true vision and the ability to forge coalitions as well as to manage some troublesome personalities, brought about a truly splendid renovated Downtown. Further, as I watched Jerry walking through Downtown this Monday evening, picking up trash and critically evaluating the streetscape, I was reminded how much Jerry really cares about the Downtown that he has created. Not renewing Jerry's contract would, in my opinion, be a terrible mistake. In fact, we should be trying to get him to accept a five-year agreement in order to permit him to continue the re-vitalization of our City that he has done so well. 5/11/2005 1 Historic PlazaThe:atre Business Offices 128 South Palm Canyon Drive 125 Easi-Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, California TM Suite 209 92262 Palm Springs, California 92262 III 4 May 9, 2005 Mr. David Ready City Manager City of Palm Springs 3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, CA 92262 My dear Mr. Ready: It is our understanding that Mr. Ogburn's contract will soon be reviewed by the Council for renewal and we just wanted to add our support for just such an action. While we don't usually take a stand on public employee issues, the risk of losing momentum when, at long last, the downtown's retail core shows imminent signs of renewal would be most unfortunate if a leadership change were to occur at this time. As well, such issues as the recently reviewed downtown managed parking proposal, which is so critical to the ongoing vitality of the Follies, might risk further delay if a personnel change was made especially considering Mr. Ogburn's direct role is this many-years long process. Clearly, the redevelopment of any downtown district, especially during its earliest stages, is often fraught with a struggle between stakeholders—past, present and future— but Mr. Ogburn's understanding of and ability to balance the needs of the many consistencies involved is critical during this time of our town's transition. With our continued respect and regards, we remain, Riff Markowitz Mary Jardin Managing Director/Co-Pounder Director of Marketing/Co-Founder Cc: Mayor & City Council Troy Butzlaff Jerry Ogburn Joy Meredith �E yp 7 s 1 BUSINESS OFFICES:760.778.7654•RESERVATIONS: 760,327,0225•FAX:760.322.3196 www.psfollies.com — Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Sheldon 425 Via Lola Palm Springs, California 92262 Re; Mr. Jeny Ogburn May 10, 2005 To Whom It May Concern As you may know, Sidney and I were prominent in launching a valley wide public art project known as "Path Of The Bighorn." The project consisted of commissioning artists to paint full size models of our beloved and endangered Peninsular Bighorn Sheep. Our painted sculptures were sponsored by businesses and later some were sold at public auction with all proceeds benefiting Bighorn Institute to continue their care of our local herds_ We also announced a heartfelt goal of providing the beauty of a public art project for the citizens of our community by displaying many of our painted sculptures in easily accessed public locations. It was during this quest that we were fortunate enough to meet Mr. Ogburn. He seemed to immediately grasp and comprehend our goals for providing a public art project. To our delight Mr. Ogburn was not only extremely knowledgeable and helpful but he was also very excited for us and for the city of Palm Springs. Mr. Ogburn's professionalism and enthusiasm were welcomed and very much appreciated. I cannot overstate the importance of his role in helping to provide a truly first class public art program for the city of Palm Springs. As co-owners of Corruche Travel, an established international. Travel Service, Sidney and I are also keenly aware of the impact of a well developed downtown area to tourism. We would not hesitate to publicly thank him and to extend our highest reference for him- Warm regards, (/ l , *�a dra & Sidney Sheldon v' ;. �s 1 (S ° May 6, 2005 Palm Springs City Council Palm Springs City Hall Palm Springs, CA 92262 RE: Renewal of Jerry Ogburn's Contract Dear Mr. Mayor and Council Members, I am writing you in support of renewing Mr. Ogburn's contract and the Downtown Development Coordinator. He has done a terrific job for our whole community by: 1. Acting as a laison between the merchants, property owners, and the City. 2. Performing informal 'ombudsmen'services whenever difficulties arise downtown. 3. Founding and staffing the Mainstreet Program as a forum for keeping everyone informed and for allowing the downtown stakeholders a voice in all matters affecting the area. 4. Providing vital professional urban design services to the City and the merchant cormunity. 5. Actively soliciting new businesses to locate downtown. 6. Establishing and maintaining high levels of trust with property owners and developers. 7. Constantly improving the overall organization, design standards, and quality of downtown events, including Village Fest. I have known Mr. Ogburn since he arrived in Palm Springs. He was sent downtown to accomplish a truly Herculean task: Get everyone working together toward settling problems and improving our downtown. From the very beginning, he displayed remarkable patience, dedication, and diplomacy as he corralled the disparate groups and got them all working together. I think he has done a truly remarkable job and deserves you continuing trust and commendation. In recent months, I have become aware that some people seem to think that Jerry could do a better job of communicating; I respectfully suggest that those people need to do a better job of listening. I also suggest that such criticism is actually a thinly disguised effort at promoting the employment of someone who has no qualifications whatsoever to do Jerry's job. Best Wishes, is Gn�a' Richard M. Service Owner 222 South Palm Canyon Drive • Palm Springs o California • 92262-6312 • (760) 325-2794 DICK: TAYLOR PROD 110TION3 1 70 N. PALM CANYON #B • PALM SPRINGS, CA 92262 760.41 6.2450 • 760.416. 1340 FAx May 10, 2005 Mayor Ron Oden and Palm Springs City Council members Re: Jerry Ogburn Dear Mr. Mayor and City Council members: I am writing to advise you of my recent positive experiences interacting with Jerry Ogburn. My company is currently developing an entertainment attraction to be located downtown in the heart Palm Springs. We have found Jerry to be very helpful and supportive of our efforts. His understanding of the workings of the downtown community and the City has been an excellent resource in prepping for our project. We are particularly pleased at Jerry's fast response to our questions and requests for information. He has also provided creative input to problem solving and is helping us make progress in attaining our goals. I believe Jerry Ogburn is an asset to downtown Palm Springs and, based on my experience working with him, feel his input and support is needed. Sincerely, Taylor President May 10, 2005 Members of the Palm Springs City Council: I was dismayed to discover that a petition is being circulated indicating dissatisfaction with Jerry Ogbum's performance as Director of the Downtown Development Office, and urging the Council to solicit open bids for his successor. Rather than searching for his replacement, I strongly urge you to do everything possible to retain Mr. Ogbum and to ensure that he has the resources at his disposal enabling him to continue his fine work. As a third generation stakeholder in our downtown and lifelong resident of Palm Springs I have witnessed the evolution of our community on a first hand basis. Over the years many great ideas and fine leaders have added value to the downtown, but in my opinion no one has singled handedly had a greater positive impact then Jerry Ogburn. Jerry has a tough job. On a regular basis Jerry is charged with juggling the legitimate economic interests of the downtown merchants and property owners with the legitimate interests of the city staff in preserving the integrity of city ordinances and codes. In the process great benefits have redound to our city. Thanks to Jerry restaurant patrons dine outside on storefront patios, a move that brought new vitality to the area and one that was dared unthinkable prior to his involvement. We now have our own arts and entertaimnent district thanks to a brokered meeting of the minds by Jerry between downtown restaurateurs and the city. Of course this created added stress on parking, but once again Jerry stepped up to the plate and spearheaded a parking structure through a joint public/private partnership. Because of the tremendous success of a revitalized nightlife that is overshadowing our retail environment, Jerry came up with a brainstorm that is now the Share the Legend downtown marketing program. Our downtown signature lighting and streetscape improvements grew out of a demonstration project he created through the joint participation of the city and downtown property owners. He is constantly coming up with new and creative ideas to improve downtown on a multitude of fronts. He is always looking toward expanding participation in Main Street. As one who has been a member of the board of directors of Main Street since its inception I find it unfathomable to see it characterized as cliquish group of selected insiders. Encouraging wide participation and buy-in in the decision making process has been a constant drumbeat at Main Street and Jerry never hesitates to do whatever it takes to make that happen. It is to Jer y's credit that his office is not buried somewhere deep inside city hall but is located in the heart of downtown where he is regularly available on a walk in basis to welcome and assist those interested in doing business in the area as well as to brainstorm and bounce new ideas off our business veterans. Plaza investment Company, Inc. 115 South Indian Canyon Drive • Palm Springs, CA 92262 (760) 325-1347 • Fax (760) 320-0880 The way I see it, Jerry was hired to create a productive landscape in the downtown upon which residents, businesses, and tourists alike will benefit. The landscape he created is not only a visual landscape of streetscape and lighting, it includes the physical aspect of the downtown as an activity destination; but yet it goes further and has a mental aspect of mutual cooperation between as many partners as he can muster. He has done an admirable job. I have never known Jerry to rest on his laurels. He never seems to be satisfied. He knows things can always be better, but rather then complaining about it he goes out and makes it happen. Yes there are storefront vacancies, but as far I am aware we already have many capable real estate agents in Palm Springs and Jerry was not hired as a leasing agent. Nevertheless, not to turn his back on any problem, Jerry is off next week to attend the International Council of Shopping Centers major leasing event where he will promote downtown opportunities. 1 for one want to thank Jerry Ogburn for all he has done for my community and give him my unqualified support. Jerry is not part of the problem; he's an important part of the solution. The best thing that we can do right now is to get behind Jerry and encourage him to continue in his good work. Sincerely, Ja Pitts President 05i11i2F1@5 11:26. 760340SE-39 KAISER PAGE ©i/ElI May 10, 2005 To: The City Council of Palm Springs 3200 F. Tahquita Canyon Way Palm Springs. CA Subject: Downtown Palm Springs Dear Members of our City Council: 1 am writing this letter to you to endorse my full support of our downtown Palm Springs area. Although I do not always agree with the decisions made by our City Council, on behalf of the city, and downtown development. I remain in full, and strong, support of the overall direction that our City Council is leading us. My same optini,ism, and full support pertain to.Terry Ogburn, and his Office of Downtown DevOoptncnt. It is unproductive to have a revolution. T believe that what we need to do is remain on a controlled, pro-growth, evolutionary path. The recent blame given to our City Council, and the Office of Downtown Development, by failing or failed merchants is unjust,and undeserved. With the rebound in tourism, a new convention center, and other positives trends, i remain optimistic and enthused over our positive growth and future. Sincerely, Lee Morcus Kaiser Restaurant Group OOOH LA LA! 275 S. PALM CANYON DRIVE, STE C3 • PALM SPRINGS CA • 92262 PHONE : 760 . 3I 9 . 7744 • FAX: 760 . 3 I, 8 , 7750 May 10, 2005 To Whom It May Concern: As a business owner of Oooh La Lai on South Palm Canyon in Palm Springs, I just wmlt to say how helpful and concerned Jerry Ogbutn has been when we have contacted 1vltn about anything concerning the downtown village area We have been opened Four years at this downtown location and have called Jerry on ous occasions asking questions or seeking information about different events on Pahri C Iyon. Re has always returned out calls and Found out the answer of any inquires we hx4e made. Jerry is great help to everyone in the downtown area and his work is greatly ap teciated. Sincerely, Sharon lCramer Tara Stemper Qooh La l a Oooh La La e�Shoe La La Baby La La, 6T, Puppy La La 275 S l alm Canyon 1DrSte C260 PaCm Springs, Ca 92262 760-318-7744t 760-318-77S0f To whomever it may concern: We haven't had many complaints about owning a business in Palm Springs and to think that people have the time to complain or fuss about petty things is amazing to us. Fortunately we are too busy running our successful business, thanks to the atmosphere Palm Springs provides, to have any complaints. We did however have one issue in 2003 with the main stage being set up directly in front of our stores disabling any customers to get to our stores. In effect, we contacted Jerry Ogborne about our concerns based off of the previous year's happenings. Jerry not only called me back right away but came down to my stores so he could get a first hand look at what we were talking about and furthermore adjusted the setting up of the stage. He also put orange cones up & hired a security guard to help the people who wanted to get to our store, still manage to do so. Being in a service based business, like most of us are, we understand the value of assisting others and appreciating the kind and helpful support offered by others; this why we felt compelled to say thank you to Jerry Ogborne for his thoughtfulness and attentiveness in every situation, even the petty ones. We all have the same goals in mind when it comes to creating a pleasant atmosphere for people to come and enjoy what we have to offer in Palm Springs and in our opinion Jerry Ogborne solidifies the feeling. Than you so much for all your assistance. a mper & Sharon Kramer w s HEMINGER'S ruDGE & CHOCOLATES, INC 211 SOUTH PALM CANYON DRIVE PALM SPRINGS, CA 92262-6310 760-285-9490 5-09-2005 The Honorable Mayor and City Council of Palm Springs P.D. Box 2743 Palm Springs, Ca, 92263-2743 This letter is sent in support of Mr, Jerry Ogburn whom we have known far IC1 years. Jerry was responsible for our choosing Palm Springs to locate our store. Not only was he professional and visionary but was helpful day of night responding to questions and concerns we had. Our stores then included "old Pasadena", Brentwood, Visalia, San Bernardino, and Watsonville, In each of those locations NO ONE matched the efforts, time commitment, vision, of professionalism, city or private that Jerry exhibited. In our opinion Jerry has the highest integrity, vision, experience and the best heart for Downtown Palm Springs. He is knowledgeable, easy to work with, knows the ins/outs of our area and is loyal to palm Springs devoting his life to making it a better place to work and live. anything that undermines Jerry, undermines the stability of downtown Palm Springs, and ultimately the City itself. We would appear in person, however, we are currently in Fort Myers, Fta Im June 1011' Thank you for listening, SincerelVj Frederick E. Heminger, owne }b� 4� l v Sharon L. Heminger, owner Heminger's Fudge & Chocolates. Inc. The Tinder Box 245 S. Palm Canyon Dr., Suite A-2, Palm Springs, CA 1-760-325-4041 To whom it may concern, I am writing this letter regarding Jerry Ogburn, who is one of our greatest assets in Palm Springs. Jerry has been nothing short of stellar in his performance assisting local merchants and attracting new business fbr our city. He is always close and available, and his judgement and common sense is superb. Replacing him would be a costly mistake. Do not listen to a few disgruntled merchants who will blame their poor business on anyone but themselves. Our 2005 season business has been excellent, and I believe the majority of downtown merchants have had another great year. If you don't believe me, just contact the major merchants that have been here for a long time. We have more contact with Jerry Ogburn than with any other City employee, and have always felt that Jerry was always "on our side." From a merchants point of view, he has been the most valuable department in Palm Springs. You should consider giving Jerry a longer contract so that we never lose him! Sincerely Gary Donovan The Tinder Box A VaWV1-V- david ckwisfiaVA 10 May, 2005 City of Palm Springs City Council Box 2743 Palm Springs, CA 92263 Dear Council Members, As I will be unable to attend Wednesday's Council meeting, I would appreciate it if the following comments could be entered into the minutes. These comments are with regard to the recent questions regarding the performance and capabilities of Jerry Ogburn, Palm Springs Downtown Development Director. I have worked with Jerry on many projects over approximately fifteen years and have found him to be one of the most effective forces to ever tackle the difficult downtown environment, He has consistently shown he truly cares for the health and positive progress of Palm Springs and especially the downtown. I would hope the community would realize what a truly valuable and essential asset he is to the city, but apparently some do not feel that is the case. I feel that much of the criticism comes from individuals that do not understand what Jerry's role is or that fail to take responsibility for their own businesses. I have designed many restaurants in Palm Springs and tell my clients that I can help bring in a customer for the first time, but at that point, If the food and service are not good, It's not my fault. Likewise, Jerry as Downtown Development Director is not the Downtown Business Manager. He can really only help a new business come to town, and from then on, If is not his fault If they cannot run their business competitively. Frankly, I have wondered on many occasions why Jerry has kept working in the downtown, considering the amount of criticism he receives as well as the general lack of support from many camps. I think the community should not be thinking In terms of looking for alternatives to cover their own shortcomings, but Instead hoping that he will continue to work In such a generally unrealistic and ungrateful atmosphere. I wouldn't blame him a bit If he Just quit, but he cares too much about this city to do so, Best regards, David Christian, Architect 431 villaggio nar^tk, pabn srwir,gs/ ca 92262 760-320-3734 fax: 322-0446 Palm Springs 460 May 11 2005 p.i , Ecmiwnic Development Corporation A Non�mliI PUGLC Inlomsl Co,po,nllon Mayor and City Council Members City of Palm Springs 3200 E Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, CA 92262 Dear Mayor and City Council Members: Over the past several years PSEDC has had the opportunity of working with Jerry Ogburn on a number of issues relative to downtown, including downtown parking, downtown visioning workshops and new project reviews. He has worked tirelessly on the Desert Fashion Plaza project and spent countless hours with the developer, city officials, prospective tenants and owners on moving this project along. The PSEDC finds Jerry to be a valuable partner and effective principal point of contact for the diverse group of downtown stakeholders, which includes property owners, landlords, merchants, restaurateurs, residents and visitors. He works to bring together and partner other civic organizations, including the Chamber, PSEDC, Agua Caliente Band of C;almilla Indians and the Palm Springs Hotel & Hospitality Association to help benefit and revitalize downtown. During his,tenure at Mainstreet he has structured the Board to include block captains representing every section of the downtown to specifically keep everyone informed and engaged; this has proven to facilitate excellent communication throughout the community. The PSEDC strongly supports the renewal of Jerry Ogburn's contract for Director of the Downtown Development Center. We appreciate his tireless efforts to make Palm Springs a stronger and more vibrant community. If you should have any questions or want further comment, please don't hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, v Jon Ca ery President Cc: City Manager's Office Jerry Ogburn, Mainstreet Joy Meredith, President, Mainstreet Board Cathy Van Horn, Economic Development Downtown Partnership la lk ,Aoalff t0?i 1,T1 RESORT 8 SPA P A L M S P R I N G S MEMO TO: Palm Springs City Council From: Tim Ellis, General Manager j Date: 5/11/05 RE: Jerry Ogburn's Contract I understand you are considering renewing Mr. Ogburn's contract and there are some individuals in the downtown area that are against this. I have known Jerry for over 10 years and have worked with him back then reviving the uptown. He did a tremendous job and today uptown has improved drastically from years ago. Jerry had a critical role in saving uptown. Today none of us are ecstatic about what is going on downtown but to put the blame on Jerry Ogburn is mis-placed and grossly unfair. We are at a pivotal point in restoring downtown and to change horses at this point I believe would be huge mistake. Please continue to allow Jerry Ogburn to assist us in developing downtown. � �QOOz'00-�; Wmmgrd N'Neff'Hosp't'dy cwop 155 South Belardo,Pahn Springs,CA 92262 • (760)325-1301 • FAX(760)323-8937 (800)622-9451 �A�ww.1 alminountainresort.rom CHARTER OF THE CITY OF PALM SPRINGS The Charter was last amended by the people on November 5, 2002. Section 109 states "Any proposal for the amendment,revision, or repeal of this Charter or nrry pob iioii thf roG r may be proposed by majority vote of the city council, or by initiative by the People of the City of Palm Springs. No such proposal shall be effective until approvert by a mqa 3aiiy vote of th'e voters voting at an election on the question, and until filed with the Secretary of State of the State of California. In the event of any conflict between this section and Article XI,. 3 of the California Constitution, as may be amended,the latter shall govern." Article XI, Section 3 of the California Constitution reads as follows: SEC. 3. (a)For its own government, a county or city may adopt a charter by majority vote of its electors voting on the question. The charter is effective when filed with the Secretary of State. A charter may be amended, revised, or repealed in the same manner. A charter, amendment,revision, or repeal thereof shall be published in the official state statutes. County charters adopted pursuant to this section shall supersede any existing charter and all laws inconsistent therewith. The provisions of a charter are the law of the State and have the force and effect of legislative enactments. (b)The governing body or charter commission of a county or city may propose a charter or revision. Amendment or repeal may be proposed by initiative or by the governing body. (c)An election to determine whether to draft or revise a charter and elect a charter commission may be required by initiative or by the governing body. (d) If provisions of 2 or more measures approved at the same election conflict, those of the measure receiving the highest affirmative vote shall prevail. Charter of the City of Palm Springs,Article VIII. Elections Section 800. General Municipal Elections. General municipal elections for the election of city councilmembers and for such other purposes as the city council may prescribe shall be held in the City on November 7, 1995, on November 4, 1997, and on the first"1 uesu4ay it islo„e nqher in each odd numbered year thereafter. Section 801. Special Municipal Elections. All other municipal elections that may be held by authority of this Charter, or of any law, shall be known as special municipal elections. Section 802. Procedure for Holding Elections. Unless otherwise provided by ordinance, all elections shall be held in ?cC4'Y'd ➢lcp iwi On Ithp pyov➢sions o the r lectiom Code of dic :✓ta.e O C11ifornaa, as the same now exist or hereafter may be amended, for the holding of municipal elections, -,,'c Xn - n8 v,i''C. ."21fue inT—^ Rion p7 j c�fi `lc i.'.Jil'd':9 Section 803. Initiative, Referendum and Recall There are hereby reserved to the electors of the City the powers of the initiative and referendum and of recall of municipal elective officers. The provisions of the Elections Code of the State of California, as the same now exist or hereafter may be amended, governing the initiative and referendum and the recall of municipal officers, shall apply to the use thereof in the City so far as such provisions of the Elections Code are not in conflict with the provisions of this Charter. May 11, 2005 PALM SPRINGS CITY COUNCIL "FUGATIVE DUST WESTERN STATES AIR QUALITY MEETING" To the City of Palm Spirings: I mentioned to you, the word "Fugative Dust" as the catch-all word for any dust coming from any source, natural or man-made. The two day conference was held in Palm Springs with all Western States participating with SCAQD and USDA. The news I will tell you confirmed my worst fears about Palm Springs doing everything possible to dismiss, downgrade, or not consider 6-8 years of warnings about air, water, safety, and most importantly, the impact on human health. The Clean Air Act and others was created to "Protect human beings". Our air, in Palm Springs has been getting worse and worse each year. The haze we see is PM10, which makes up the greater part of Fugitive Dust. PM or Particulate Matter 10 is a measurement of the size of the dust...10 being half a hair. It goes straight to every human's and animal lungs. Construction dust that is not contained by the City by enforcement makes up a large portion of blowing dust. PM 10 is like a "magnet" for hundreds of different types of dust. The fungus spores, land in the lung and create Valley Fever, or Cocci. Palm Springs has 3 active cases of Valley Fever, that I know of.....2 from near the Vista Chino/Gene Autry dust bowl and 1 right near the dust site at Desert Water Agency. All, like most had been misdiagnosed. Eisenhower hospital reports 3 inpatient cases. Some will have chronic Valley Fever, some will die....2 Bighorn Sheep are dead from it as well. The infants, elders, cancer patients, lung patients all are at higher risk for this fungus that has hundreds of symptoms. The News gets worse. PMl0 also causes heart and vascular disease, as well as lung cancer. Virus and bacteria cling to PM10 causing rising numbers of lung infections. People with nothing wrong with them now have PM10 in their lungs. Sick people will become sicker. People will die sooner. The blue skies and dark starry nights once legend are hazed over. You have PM10 in your lungs too. Those who carve before you as well as you who sit here bear the responsibility of building without research and safety.....nor have you contained the blowing dust from every construction site. With every breath you take......you can think about all the people who now have PM10 in their lungs. Of note, next week all the western states will meet to discuss the reckless overbuilding that has caused changes in the climate....and discuss the ongoing drought....water......air....and water....and deadly air . There are already more stringent laws coming to enforcement that no one can sidestep or dismiss. However, those laws will too late for you.....too late for all the people who have poison in their lungs. Jane Smith 6 1 e a z E v` �9 41 se- � r oj)W A , Cl ,e",M-0-10-171 Y 1 �V T� �i G Fugitive Dust Control in the Western U.S.: Past, Present, and Future May 10-111 2005 Palm Springs, CA Ar c n : p� t5 a a � z 4 .. Sponsored by Western Regional Air Partnership South Coast Air Quality Management District Air&Waste Management Association West Coast Section 4%Tx � f � ScwT1Tt1 Coast s+y �-` Ail'Q alit i "„r... IV't811:1u2Il1211T T)Ii271CTc4.. .. - . . , Wednesday, May 11, 2005 7:30 Coffee 3:00 PANEL #2: Construction Chairperson: Ed Pupka, South Coast Air Quality Management District Summary of Emission Sources and Processes Steve Smith, South Coast Air Quality Management District Bob Baxter, T& B Systems Emission Control Methods and Their Cost Effectiveness Frank Elswick, Midwest Industrial Supply Current Emission Control Programs and Lessons Learned Ted Strauss, San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District Lucinda Swann, Maricopa County, Arizona Concerns of the Regulated Community Bob Jokola, Sunrise Development Company Lee Galiier, Pardee Homes 10:00 Break 10:30 PANEL#3: Agriculture Chairperson: Jahn Beyer, !Natural Resource Conservation Service Summary of Emission Sources and Processes Patrick Gaffney, California Air Resources Board Emission Control Methods and Their Cost Effectiveness Rick McVaigh, San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Current Emission Control Programs and Lessons Learned Marcia Colquitt, Arizona Department of Agriculture Rick McVaigh, San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Concerns of the Regulated Community Manuel Cunha, Nisei Fanners League 12:30 Lunch (provided to those who RSVP) # Fl y in the Eye Air Quality In Action Spring 2005 Greetings! Spring is finally here and the sun is shining. The temperatures are starting to rise and soon all of the abundant moisture will be gone. This is also the beginning of the "dusty season" and it is important to remember about implementing and maintaining your Best Man- agement Practices to control the dust. Remember too that having - your BMP agricultural PMI0 permit record is required Marcia Colquitt and must be made available if requested. For more in- Agricultural consultation & Training formation about dust regulation for agriculture, please Arizona Department of Agriculture give me a call. I will be happy to assist you with a free (602) 542-3484 mcolquitt@azda.gov and non-regulatory on-site visit and help you meet the requirements for dust control. www.azda.gov Tack out Control High Wind Events Dust can be created when mud from vehicles is not Wind speed, tem- removed before entering a paved road. The mud perature and hu- brought onto the paved roadway can be crushed midity affects the into fine particles bypassing traffic and easily distance that dust travels and it's ability stays suspended in the air. A gravel pad or other to stay suspended in the air. Limiting similar device qualifies as a activity when winds are more than 25 track out control system. Peri- mph significantly reduces PM10 emis- odic inspections and mainte- ---11 sions. Employees and family members _ nonce of the device and the — should be aware of individual policies to cleaning of paved access road control blowing dust during high wind surfaces are recommended to events. accomplish track out control. What's New? 1 Understanding the law and what the regulation for dust control requires you and your workers to do can be confusing. Worker training on required Best + Management Practices, how PMI0 affects our health and ways to get in- volved in reducing air pollution is now being offered in English or Spanish through the Agricultural Consultation & Training program. For more infor- mation on training or materials available, contact me at (602) 542-3484. -w-*,O-o USGS science for a changing world Operational Guidelines (version 1.0) for Geological Fieldwork in Areas Endemic for Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) by Frederick S. Fishers, Mark W. Bultman2 and Demosthenes Pappagianis3 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-348 Version 1.0 2000 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat,Director This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for confonnity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade,product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government or the University of California. Guidelines and conclusions presented in this report are the author's opinions and are not, and should not be interpreted as, official policy of the U.S. Geological Survey or the University of California. 1 U.S.Geological Survey contractor,Suite 355,520 N.Park Avenue,Tucson,AZ 85719 2 U.S.Geological Survey, Suite 355,520 N.Park Avenue,Tucson,AZ 85719 3 School of Medicine,University of California,Davis.CA 95616 1 Abstract Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is a disease caused by the inhalation of the arthroconidia (spores) of Coccidioides immitis, a fungus that lives in the soils of southwestern United States. Although large numbers of people are exposed to the arthroconidia and are consequently infected, very few individuals contract the more serious forms of the disease. Earth scientists working in field areas where Coccidioides immitis is endemic have an increased risk of becoming infected. Because field operations often disturb the upper surface of the ground,they may inhale large numbers of arthroconidia. This also increases their risk of developing more severe forms of the disease. Any other occupations or activities that create dusty conditions in endemic areas also have increased risk of infection. Risk management strategies can lower the incidence of infection and also reduce the numbers of arthroconidia inhaled thereby decreasing the chances of developing more serious disease. Dust control, by utilizing dust masks, and dust prevention, by limiting ground disturbing activities, are the primary weapons against infection. However, infection risk can also be lowered by conducting fields studies in the winter months; avoiding sites favorable for Coccidioides immitis growth; seeking prompt medical treatment if flu-like or respiratory illness occur during, or within a few weeks following, fieldwork; getting a coccidioidin skin test to determine susceptibility to the disease; and by educating all members of the field party about the possibilities and consequences of infection. Introduction The purpose of this report is to present operational guidelines that will lower the risk of contracting coccidioidomycosis for individuals who work outdoors in areas where the disease is endemic. Coccidioidomycosis (or as it is sometimes called, Valley Fever) is an infection usually caused by the inhalation of(rarely by traumatic introduction through the skin) arthroconidia (spores) of the soil inhabiting fungus Coccidioides immitis. The disease may occur in any individual residing, visiting, or even passing through endemic areas. While this report is directed at earth scientists it also applies to other occupations involving outdoor activity in dusty conditions (e.g. farming, ranching, construction, archaeology, soil scientist, etc.). However, specific occupation is not as important in determining infection risk as is the amount of time spent outdoors and involvement in activities that expose an individual to dusty conditions or to intensive contact with soils. This report also applies to many outdoor recreational pursuits (e.g.. gardening, landscaping, equestrian, biking, hiking etc.). The recommendations made here are based on information available to date on the habitat of Coccidioides immitis. This information may change as new data are currently being collected by ongoing studies at the University of Arizona and by the U.S. Geological Survey that are focused specifically on the habitat of C. immitis. This paper does not discuss medical treatments for the disease, however, the authors do utilize knowledge about the ailment to help individuals apply strategies that will lower their risk of becoming infected. Definitive discussions of the medical aspects and treatments of coccidioidomycosis may be found in Einstein and Johnson, (1993) and Galgiani, (1993). Endemic areas Rapid population growth, greater numbers of recreational visits and activities, and continued stationing of military personnel for active training in the deserts of the southwestern U.S. place an increasingly large unexposed population within endemic areas. These demographic changes, coupled with increasing numbers of individuals with suppressed immune systems due to the ongoing AIDS epidemic, and the growing use of immunosuppressing medical therapies are of concern to public health officials (Galgiani, 1992, 1993, 1999; Rush and others, 1993; Pappagianis and others, 1993). Figure 1. Endemic regions of C. immitis in the United States and northern Mexico Courtesy of the Valley Fever Americas Foundation, Bakersfield, California • s rr 'f°l '••lI JJ. a?%f Known highly endemic area Established enderruc area {f Suspected endenuc area In the conterminous United States C. immitis is endemic in parts of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and Utah (fig. 1). Outside of the United States it is endemic in parts of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Venezuela. With some exceptions endemic areas are generally 3 and to semiarid with low to moderate rainfall (5 to 20 inches), mild winters, and long hot seasons. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia declared in 1993 that coccidioidomycosis was epidemic in parts of California (Kern County) and also issued a warning to physicians nationwide to watch for the disease in patients who may have become infected while traveling in endemic areas. The CDC also listed coccidioidomycosis as an example of one of the important emerging disease threats to the Nation and has called for expanded studies of the disease (Bryan, and others, 1994). In endemic areas, recognized cases of coccidioidomycosis are tinder-reported (Lundergan and others, 1985, p. 53; Galgiani, 1992, p. 100). In 1957 it was shown that, in infected individuals,the disease resulted in an average of 33 to 35 lost work days (Scogins, 1957). Pappagianis (1980) estimated that the overall annual cost to the nation was one million person-days of labor. A review by the CDC (Goodman, 1994) of the medical records in Kern County, California showed that coccidioidomycosis accounted for approximately $66 million in direct costs of hospitalization and outpatient care during the period 1991- 1993. Infection rates for humans vary throughout the endemic areas. In 1966 long-term residents in Arizona(several years) showed the following infection rates by county; Apache 13%, Cochise 37%, Coconino 5%, Gila 48%, Graham 60%, Greenlee 40%, Maricopa 71%, Mohave 57%, Pima 72%, Pinal 76%, Santa Cruz 40%, Yavapai 14%, Yuma 26% (Converse and Reed, 1966, p. 682, fig. 4). Character of the Disease Arthroconidia of C. immitis can be released into the air when soils are disturbed by natural or anthropogenic means. Inhalation of the arthroconidia into the lungs of an appropriate host can cause primary infection. Once in the lung the arthroconidia change into a spherule form and reproduce efficiently by endosporulation causing relatively rapid growth and increased infection (Galgiani, 1993; Einstein and Johnson, 1993). Primary coccidioidomycosis is limited to the lesions in the lungs with symptoms that may include fever, chills, night sweats, chest pains, cough, appetite loss, and muscle and joint aches. Symptoms usually clear within a few weeks. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis occurs when the disease spreads to sites in the body other than the lungs and can involve any organ with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract which is rarely involved (Einstein and Johnson, 1993). Disseminated forms of the disease are more severe and have a variety of symptoms. Involvement of a vital organ can lead to death. Most people who are long-tern residents (several years) in areas where C. immitis is present are exposed to the arthroconidia of the fungus and are consequently infected. About 60 percent of the people infected are asymptomatic, their exposure to the infection being reflected only by a positive coccidioidin skin test. Most symptomatic cases result in primary infection with relatively mild cold or influenza-like symptoms for which only about 10 percent of the people seek medical attention; however, in some cases there may be pneumonia. In about 1 percent of those infected, C. immitis disseminates elsewhere in the body beyond the pulmonary system with much more serious, and at times, fatal results (Pappagianis and others, 1993). Early diagnosis and treatment of coccidioidomycosis is 4 of value in managing primary infections and is essential in most cases of disseminated disease (Galgiani, 1999). Pregnant women, African-Americans, Filipinos, and possibly Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans have higher rates of dissemination of the disease (Pappagianis and others, 1979; Einstein and Johnson, 1993). Coccidioidomycosis is often severe and life threatening in patients whose immune systems have been compromised. The disease is capable of lying dormant in some infected individuals for years, becoming active and opportunistic only when the immune system is weakened by other conditions (Cuellar and others, 1993). In addition to humans the disease affects many species of domestic and wild animals including burros, cattle, dogsl , horses, sheep, swine, bats, coyotes, mountain lions, rodents, sea otters, and reptiles (Reed and others, 1994; Pappagianis, 1988). New infections are frequently seasonal and appear to be related to several factors including humidity, rainfall, sunlight, temperature, and wind conditions (Smith and others, 1946; Egeberg, 1953; Pappagianis, 1988). Rates of infection are highest during hot dry spells that follow cooler rainy seasons and rates often spike following large dust storms (Pappagianis, 1988). Other new infections are related to ground-disturbing activities with consequent exposure to soil and dust, such as construction, mining, agriculture, archaeological excavations, military maneuvers, recreational activities, etc.(Johnson, 1981; Pappagianis, 1983). Laboratory studies have shown that as few as 10 arthroconidia are sufficient to cause an infection in dogs and monkeys (Converse and Reed, 1966) and it has been suggested that even a single arthroconidia could be responsible for infection in humans (Bulmer, 1979; Galgiani, 1993). Many severe infections in animals and humans are related to inhaling aerosols containing high doses of arthroconidia derived from sites where C. immitis is present in the soils (Converse and Reed, 1966; Pappagianis, 1988). Once an individual has been infected by C. immitis, even mild cases, and is skin-tested positive, immunity to additional infection by C. immitis is developed (Fiese, 1958, pp 92-97; Galgiani, 1999). Habitat of C. immitis C. immitis grows in the upper(5 - 20 cm) horizons of soils in endemic areas (fig. 2). This saprophytic phase of the fungus is characterized by branching segmented hyphae that form a network of mycelium. As the fungus matures, arthroconidia, 2 to 5um in size, are formed as barrel shaped, rectangular segments of the hyphae. Given the right environmental conditions, alternate arthroconidia undergo autolysis leaving the viable arthroconidia which are easily separated by soil disturbance (natural or anthropogenic) and consequently easily dispersed by the wind. Arthroconidia are also very buoyant and may be readily moved by sheet-wash water during rainstorms only to be concentrated in fine sedimentary material some distance from the initial growth site. Under suitable environmental conditions the arthroconidia can germinate to form new hyphae and mycelium, which can repeat the cycle. However, numerous studies suggest that C. 1 Dogs are very prone to infection because of their habit of sniffing the ground and frequent deep inhalation of air in rodent burrows. Once infected many dogs develop severe forms of die disease which most often necessitates euthanasia(Davidson and Pappagianis, 1994). 5 immitis does not readily colonize outside of existing growth sites. The reasons for this are not completely understood but may be associated with the sensitivity of the fungus to environmental factors and competition from other soil inhabiting organisms (Swatelc. 1975; Pappagianis, 1980, 1988). Figure 2. Life cycle of C. immitis �sphcru[e eeptapop and t en ospore San' oW t aegipentation • ' �' -.- - thousand of �nCo'a '` "` �endnsporesgroW� � ahbrul�" ' - - ' In each spherule ' ♦ � - - 1, '� - , k �e' pOf _ ---- lphe[Yt1e,tUptUke fa + « ` a.' urthrocomd�a a_re �f tYf. Infialed¢q We,Bost and @� 6III).inl¢aae0�. - *'- "'% bygin fo grata into �` '" lim�ospores ' r ehdoaporesfnLhelUngs s _ i3xsnimal"_�� � ea`f'�6:n"3kea'iir'.R � �,-�,emains�,aud;, Y - �I r •,;� ,� �othcr inefitods� f,... r a e4 SagE2ph 1 1grow maid it,the upper—Wem of the I 6 If the airborne arthroconidia are inhaled by an appropriate host (humans, animals, even reptiles)the invasive phase of C. immitis is initiated (fig. 2). In tissue the arthroconidia transform into spherules 10 to 80 um in diameter which when mature are internally divided into endospores that are 2 to 5 um in diameter. The mature spherules then rupture and the endospores are released into the surrounding tissue thereby spreading the infection locally, or at times, into other organs by disseminating outside of the respiratory system. The invasive phase may end with the death of the host or by the expulsion of spherules outside of living tissue by sputum, pus, or exudates. If this occurs in an acceptable environment then the spherules (or endospores) will germinate and hyphae and mycelium will be developed and the saprophytic phase will again be initiated (Fiese, 1958). In some cases both mycelia and spherule forms of C. immitis have been observed in tissue and sputum (Fiese, 1958, p. 34-35). The presence of C. immitis in specific areas is determined by direct sampling of soils, identification of positive skin and serologic tests in non-mobile human populations, and recognition of the infection in humans and animals (mostly dogs). Several authors have noted that these occurrences or growth sites are relatively restricted in size, with individual sites ranging from several tens to several hundreds of square meters (Maddy and Crecelius, 1967; Egeberg and others, 1964; Swatek, 1975; Pappagianis, 1980, 1988). Although some growth sites have been identified, their distribution and recognition throughout the entire endemic area of the southwestern U.S. is poorly known. Laboratory and site specific field studies have shown that many physical, chemical, climatic, and biological factors influence the growth of C. immitis in the soil and the consequent development and deployment of arthroconidia(Fiese, 1958; Sorensen, 1964; Swatek, 1975; Pappagianis, 1988). Key factors include, amount and timing of rainfall and available moisture (humidity), temperature, soil texture, alkalinity, salinity and types of water-soluble salts, organic content of soils, and degree of exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light. Others that may be important are the presence of marine sedimentary rocks, presence of berates, soil chemistry, presence of specific vegetation types, inclusion within the Lower Sonoran Life Zone, competition with other fungal and/or plant species, presence of Indian middens, and presence of rodent burrows and middens (Maddy, 1957; Egeberg, 1962; Pappagianis, 1'988). Many of the above mentioned factors are closely interrelated and the influence on the presence and/or growth of C. irnmitis by any combination of, or single factor, is an intricate balance that varies both in time (season) and in response to changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment at any given location. Risk Management Strategies Because ambient airborne C. immitis arthroconidia may be present anywhere within endemic areas, absolute prevention of infection is virtually impossible, and, as no effective vaccine for coccidioidomycosis is currently available, consideration of risk management strategies seems prudent. Some of these methods may not be practical for individuals who are not involved closely with soils, aerosols, or other materials derived directly from C. immitis growth sites; however, earth scientists doing fieldwork in 7 endemic areas can lower their risk of infection by following strategies appropriate for their own particular activities. Education of individuals and institutions about the disease is the first step in developing risk management strategies and it is to that end this report is directed. General information brochures on coccidioidomycosis may be obtained from the American Lung Association of Arizona (2819 E. Broadway Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85716), the California Department of Health Services (2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704),and The Valley Fever Center for Excellence (Mail Stop 111, 3601 S. 6th Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85723). The factors listed below, all of which increase the chance of infection, are associated with the probability of inhaling C. immitis arthroconidia and must be considered in a risk management strategy. 1) Residence within endemic areas; longer times increases risk 2) Travel within endemic areas; again longer time increases risk 3)No previous history of infection as shown by a negative coccidioidin skin test; (successful recovery from coccidioidomycosis, even mild cases, imparts immunity to further infection) 4) Exposure to dust containing arthroconidia, as a result of incidental circumstances. occupation, recreation, or life style 5) Duration of time spent outdoors 6) Duration of time spent in dusty conditions (inhalation of larger numbers of arthroconidia has been associated with more severe cases of coccidioidomycosis) 7) Activities (and duration of time)that involve intensive contact with soils in endemic areas 8) Exposure to fomites derived from endemic areas In addition to the above it is also important to consider the risk factors associated with development of the more serious disseminated forms of the disease as listed below: 1)A compromised immune system (HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, diabetes, chemotherapy, etc.) 2) African-American, Filipino, or other Asian heritage (possibly also Hispanic and native American) 3) second and third trimester of pregnancy 4) male gender For those earth scientists living in or assigned to work in endemic areas several strategies should be considered to lower the risk and severity of infection by C. immitis arthroconidia. A coccidioidin skin test should be done to determine prior exposure to the disease. Those who test negative indicating no prior exposure should be more diligent in adopting risk reducing strategies and should seek medical treatment early in the course of flu-like illnesses that may develop a few weeks following fieldwork in endemic areas. Those who test positive are unlikely to become reinfected and probably only need to use extra precautions when exposed to intensive contact with soils in highly infective areas 8 (i.e. rodent burrows in known C. immitis growth sites). Individuals who are at a higher risk of developing disseminated disease, especially the immunosuppressed,may be wise to a) limit fieldwork in endemic areas, b) completely avoid locations containing favorable C. immitis growth sites and, c) avoid dust producing activities. Infections by C. immitis frequently have a seasonal pattern with infection rates that generally spike in the first few weeks of hot dry weather that follow extended milder rainy periods. In California infection rates are generally higher during the hot summer months especially if weather patterns bring the usual winter rains between November and April. The normal weather pattern in Arizona is a winter rainy season in December, January, and February followed by hot dry weather and also a summer monsoon season in July and August again followed by hot dry weather. Thus in Arizona infection rates are often higher in spring,then decrease during the summer monsoons and increase again in autumn, with highest rates often occurring in November, and finally decreasing to the lowest rates during the winter rainy season. Numerous studies have suggested the connection between above average rainfall during the winter and spring and higher infection rates the following summer(Smith and others, 1946; Maddy, 1965, Pappagianis, 1988). Increased moisture is believed to provide a longer period for growth of C. immitis and consequently greater production of arthroconidia which, with the onset of dry, hot, windy weather creates infective conditions for susceptible hosts (Maddy, 1965). During rainfall, dust and arthroconidia are washed from the air and wetting of the soil decreases the opportunity for spores to become airborne thereby creating less infective conditions. The seasonal character of infections should be considered in risk management strategies and earth scientists should whenever possible schedule fieldwork in endemic areas during the winter rainy periods when infection rates are generally lowest. Clearly, dust-control measures are the main defense against infection. However it is important to note that dust itself is only an indicator that C. immitis arthroconidia may be airborne in a given area and that some dust clouds may be completely free of arthroconidia. Arthroconidia of C. immitis have slow settling rates in air due to their small (gum - 5um) size, low terminal velocity (0.003 cm/sec), and possibly also due to their buoyancy, barrel shape and commonly attached empty hyphae cell fragments (Gregory, 1973; Dimmick, 1965; Lacey, 1981). Thus arthroconidia, whose size is well below the limits of human vision, may be present in air that appears relatively clear and dust free. Such ambient, airborne arthroconidia with their low settling rates can remain aloft for exceedingly long periods and be carried hundreds of kilometers from their point of origin (Table 1). 9 Table 1 Time of flight and range of distances of particles moving in moderately strong winds (15 m/sec.). Modified from Chorley and others, 1984 Particle Diameter Fall Velocity Flight time Transportation type (mm) (cm/sec) (maximum) distance(max.) clay 0.001 0.00824 9-90 years 4-40 x 10'km C. immitis 0.002-0.005 0.003 ? ? arthroconidia silt 0.01 0.824 8-80 years 4-40 x 10'-km very fine sand 0.10 82.4 0.3-3 sec. 46-460 meters Arthroconidia may also become airborne by hitchhiking rides on larger dust or sand sized particles. Large dust storms, at times carrying arthroconidia of C. immitis, in California and Arizona have long been noted for creating epidemic conditions (Smith and others, 1946). More recently dust clouds resulting from the January 17, 1994, earthquake in California are believed to be responsible for outbreaks of coccidioidomycosis from eastern Ventura County to the western San Fernando Valley (Pappagianis and others, 1994; Schneider and others, 1997; Jibson and others, 1998). Viability of fungi spores in the atmosphere depends on several factors including temperature, desiccation, radiation (especially in the ultraviolet wave lengths), and how robust individual types of spores are when placed in different environments (Gregory, 1973; Lacey, 1981). How long airborne C. immitis arthroconidia remain infective for humans is unknown but laboratory experiments suggest that C. immitis arthroconidia are hardy (Friedman and others, 1956; Pappagianis, 1988) and thus may be viable in the atmosphere for extended periods. Weather patterns with associated strong winds can carry arthroconidia great distances and coupled with their robust viability can spread infection well outside of recognized endemic areas. For example, in 1977 strong winds (gusts to 160 km/hr) centered in Kern County, California (located in the southern San Joaquin Valley) scoured topsoil to depths of 15 cm creating a dust cloud that reached elevations of approximately 1500 meters. The storm carried C. immitis arthroconidia 500 km north to the vicinity of Sacramento, Califomia(an area not considered endemic for C. immitis) (Flynn and others, 1979). The dust spread over an area of about 87,000 km2 reaching Sacramento about 20 hours after the start of the storm in Kern County and infecting as many as 7,000 people in Sacramento County (Pappagianis and Einstein, 1978; Flynn and others, 1979, p. 360). There are many ways to avoid and control dusty conditions during field operations, although some may not be practical for certain operations. Few methods (perhaps none) 10 are 100 percent effective. Following are suggestions for reducing infection risk by limiting exposure to dust in endemic areas: 1) Avoid working outdoors during windy conditions 2) If possible use machinery with enclosed cabs and utilize air conditioning 3) Use air conditioning in field vehicles 4) Avoid unnecessary digging or soil disturbance 5) Use dust masks; Although the use of dust masks for protection against the inhalation of C. immitis arthroconidia has not been scientifically evaluated, their application by workers in dusty conditions is strongly recommended. Several types of masks are available that have been proven to be very effective against dust particles as small as 0.4 microns in size, which is several times smaller than C. immitis arthroconidia. Masks capable of filtering particles as small as 0.4 microns should provide nearly total protection if fitted properly and conscientiously utilized during dusty operations. Manufactures instructions must be followed and it should be noted that mustaches or beards may prevent a mask from making an airtight seal against the face and thus may allow unfiltered dust to be inhaled. 6) Wet soils before digging or collecting samples ( a small backpack weed sprayer containing water may be useful) 7) camp and sleep upwind of known or suspected C. immitis growth sites or dusty areas 8) avoid sandy campsites; camp on vegetated areas as much as possible 9) sterilize soil or rock samples by heating them to 600C for thirty minutes which will kill C. immitis 10) Use fungicides to kill C. immitis (Elconin and others, 1967) but be aware that they are only effective on the soil surface and possibly to a depth of 0.5 cm Don't take C. immitis arthroconidia home with you or unwittingly expose other individuals to infection by fomites from endemic areas. Many cases of coccidioidomycosis have occurred as a result of exposure to contaminated materials derived from endemic areas (Albert and Sellers, 1963). 1) wash and sterilize rocks, soils, fossils, vegetation, or other sampled material before removing it from the field to the laboratory 2) keep field vehicles washed, and clean interiors by using water(do not create dust by sweeping or vacuuming interiors) 3) remove dusty clothing after fieldwork and store in closed plastic bags until washed 4) clean field equipment before returning to the home, office or laboratory The distribution of C. immitis within endemic areas is not uniform and growth sites are commonly small (a few tens of meters) and widely scattered. Known sites appear to have some ecological factors in common suggesting that certain physical, chemical, and biological conditions are more favorable for C. immitis growth. Avoidance, when possible, of sites favorable for the occurrence of C. immitis is a prudent risk management strategy. Listed below are ecologic factors and sites favorable for the occurrence of C. immitis: 11 1) Rodent burrows (often a favorable site for C. immitis, perhaps because temperatures are more moderate and humidity higher than on the ground surface) 2) Old (prehistoric) Indian campsites near fire pits 3) Areas with sparse vegetation and alkaline soils 4) Areas with high salinity soils 5) Areas adjacent to arroyos (where residual moisture may be available) 6) Packrat middens 7) Upper 30 em of the soil horizon, especially in virgin undisturbed soils 8) Sandy well aerated soil with relatively high water holding capacities Sites within endemic areas less favorable for the occurrence of C. immitis include: 1) Cultivated fields 2) Heavily vegetated areas (e.g. grassy lawns) 3) Higher elevations (above 7,000') 4) Areas where commercial fertilizers (e.g. ammonium sulfate) have been applied 5) Areas that are continually wet 6) Paved (asphalt or concrete) or oiled areas 7) Soils containing abundant microorganisms 8) Heavily urbanized areas where there is little undisturbed virgin soil In summary, because arthroconidia of C. immitis can occur anywhere within endemic areas, or even possibly a few hundred kilometers outside of endemic areas, (given windy, dusty conditions as documented above) 100 percent protection against infection is impossible. However earth scientists conducting field studies within endemic areas can limit their risk of becoming infected and most likely, reduce the severity of the disease in those that do become infected by; I) scheduling fieldwork during winter months; 2) avoiding activities (if possible) in areas most favorable for C. immitis occurrences; 3) utilizing dust control methods when appropriate; 4) having a coccidioidin skin test and, if test is negative, exerting additional caution while working in dusty conditions; 5) seeking prompt treatment of flu like or respiratory illness that occur during, or a few weeks following, fieldwork and also informing their physician about possible exposure to C. immitis arthroconidia; and 6) educating all members of the field party about the disease. Those individuals at high risk of developing severe disseminated disease should carefully evaluate the necessity of conducting field studies within endemic areas, however, it should be remembered that the large majority of individuals infected suffer no or very minor symptoms and that the severe disseminated form of the disease occurs in less than one percent of those exposed. 12 References Albert, B.L. and Sellers, Jr., T.F., 1963, Coccidioidomycosis from fomites: Archives of Internal Medicine, Aug. 1963, v. H 2, p. 253-261 Bryan, R.T., Pinner, R.W., Gaynes, R.P., Peters, C.J., Aguilar, J.R., and Berkelman, R.L., 1994, Addressing emerging infectious disease threats: a prevention strategy for the United States executive summary: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, v. 43, n. RR-5, p. 1-18. Bulmer, G.S., 1979, Introduction of medical mycology: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 195 p. Chorley, R.J., Schumm, S.A., and Sugden, D.E., 1984, Geomorphology: Methuen & Co., New York, 605 p. Converse, J. L. and Reed, R. E., 1966, Experimental epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis: Bacteriological Reviews, v. 30, n. 3, p.678 - 695. Cuellar, M. L., Silveira, L. H., Citera, Gustavo, Cabrera, G. E., and Valle, Rafael, 1993, Other fungal arthritides: Rheumatic disease clinic of North America,v. 19, n. 2, p. 439 - 455. Davidson, A.P. and Pappagianis, D.,1994, Canine coccidioidomycosis 1970-1993: in Conference Program and Abstracts, 5th Centennial Conference on Coccidioidomycosis, Stanford, CA, Aug. 24-27, P. 21. Dimmick, R.L., 1969, Mechanics of Aerosols, in An introduction to experimental aerobiology, by Dimmick, R.L. and Akers, A.B., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Egeberg, R. O., 1953, Coccidioidomycosis - its clinical and climatological aspects with remarks on treatment: Transactions American Clinical and Climatological Association, v. 65, p. 116 - 126. 1962, Factors influencing the distribution of Coccidioides inamitis in soil: Recent progress in microbiology, 8th meeting, 1962,p. 652 - 655. Egeberg, R. O., Elconin, A. E., and Egeberg, M. C., 1964, Effect of salinity and temperature on Coccidioides immitis and three antagonistic soil saprophytes: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 88, n. 2, p. 473 - 476. Einstein, H. E. and Johnson, R.H., 1993, Coccidioidomycosis:New aspects of epidemiology and therapy: Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 16, p. 349- 356. 13 Elconin, A.F., Egeberg, M.C., Bald, J.G., Matkin, O.A., Egeberg, R.O: 1967, A fungicide effective against Coccidioides immitis in the soil, in Coccidioidomycosis, Edited by Ajello, Libero, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p. 319-321. Fiese, M. J., 1958, Coccidioidomycosis: Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 253 p. Flynn,N. M., Hoeprich, P. D., Kawachi, M. M., Lee, K. K., Lawrence, R. M., Goldstein, Elliot, Jordan, G. W., Kundargi, M. B., and Wong, G. A., 1979, An unusual outbreak of windbome coccidioidomycosis: The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 301, n. 7, p. 358 -361. Friedman, Lorraine, Smith, C.E., Pappagianis, Demosthenes., and Berman, R.J., 1956, Survival of Coccidioides immitis under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity: Amer. Journal Public Health, v. 46, p 1317-1324. Galgiani, J. N., 1992, Coccidioidomycosis: Changes in clinical expression, aerological diagnosis, and therapeutic options: Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 14, supplement 1, p. 100 -105. 1993, Coccidioidomycosis: Western Journal of Medicine, v. 159, p. 153 - 171. 1999, Coccidioidomycosis: A regional disease of National importance, rethinking approaches for control: Annals of Internal Medicine, v. 130, n. 4 (part 1), p. 293-300. Goodman, R.A., 1994, (editor) Emerging Infectious Diseases, Update: Coccidioidomycosis - California, 1991-1993: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, v. 43, n. 23, p. 421-423. Gregory, P.H., 1973, The microbiology of the atmosphere: 2nd edition, Leonard Hill Books, Aylesbury, Great Britain, 377 p. Jibson, R.W., Harp, E.L., Schneider, Eileen, Hajjeh, R.A., and Spiegel, R.A., 1998, An outbreak of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) caused by landslides triggered by the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: in Welby, C.W., and Gowan, M.E., eds., A paradox of power: Voices of warning and reason in the geosciences: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. XII, p. 53-61. Johnson, W. M., 1981, Occupational factors in coccidioidomycosis: Journal of Occupational Medicine, v. 23, n. 5, p. 367 - 374. Lacey, J., 1981, The aerobiology of conidial fungi, in Cole, Garry T., and Kendrick, Bryce, eds., Biology of conidial fungi, v. 1, Academic Press,New York, 1981, p. 400. Lundergan, L. L, Kerrick, S. S., and Galgiani, J.N., 1985, Coccidioidomycosis at a university outpatient clinic: A Clinical description: in Einstein, H. E., and Catanzaro, Antonino eds., Coccidioidomycosis, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on 14 coccidioidomycosis, San Diego, The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington, D. C., p. 47 - 53. Maddy, K. T., 1957, Ecological factors of the geographic distribution of Coccidioides immitis: Journal American Veterinarians Association, v. 130, n. 11,p. 475 -476. Maddy, K. T., 1965, Observations on Coccidioides Inunitis found growing naturally in soil: Arizona Medicine, v. 22, p. 281-288. Maddy, K.T. and Crecelius, G.T., 1967, Establishment of Coccidioides immitis in negative soil following burial of infected animals and animal tissues, in Ajello, Libero, Coccidioidomycosis,Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 309-312. Pappagianis, Demosthenes and Einstein, Hans, 1978, Tempest from Tehachapi takes toll or coccidiodes conveyed aloft and afar: The Western Journal of Medicine, v. 129, p.527- 530. Pappagianis, Demosthenes, Lindsay, Suzanne, Beall, Sharen, and Williams, Paul, 1979, Ethnic background and the clinical course of coccidioidomycosis: American Review of respiratory disease, v. 120, p.959-961. Pappagianis, Demosthenes, 1980, Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis: in Stevens, D. A., Coccidioidomycosis, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York, p. 63 - 85. 1983, Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin or Valley Fever) in DiSalvo, A. F., (ed), Occupational Mycoses, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p. 13 -28. , 1988, Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis: Current Topics Medical Mycology, v. 2, p. 199 - 238. Pappagianis, Demosthenes, Sun, R.K., Werner, S.B., Rutherford, G.W., Elsea, R.W., Miller, G.B., Jr., Egleston, M.D., and Hopkins, R.S., 1993, Coccidioidomycosis--United States, 1991-1992: Journal America Medical Association, v. 269, n. 9, p. 1098. Pappagianis, Demosthenes, Feldman, G., Billimek, M., Mascola, L., Werner, S. B., and Rutherford, G. W., 1994, Coccidioidomycosis following the Northridge earthquake-- California, 1994: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, v. 43, n. 10, p. 194 - 195. Reed, R., Reggiardo, C., Shupe, M., and Ingram, K., 1994, Coccidioidomycosis in domestic and wild animals: in Conference Program and Abstracts, 5th Centennial Conference on Coccidioidomycosis, Stanford, California, Aug. 24-27, p. 20. Rush, W. L., Dooley, D. P., Blatt, S. P., Drehner, D. O., 1993, Coccidioidomycosis; a persistent threat to deployed populations: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, v. 64, p. 653 - 657. 15 Schneider, Eileen, Hajjeh, R.A., Spiegel, R.A., Jibson, R.W., Harp, E.L., Marshall, G.A., Gunn, R.A.,McNeil, M.M., Pinner, R.W., Baron, R.C., Burger, R.C., Hutwanger, L.S., Crump, Casey, Kaufman, Leo, Reef, S.E., Feldman, G.M., Pappagianis, Demosthenes, and Werner, S.B., 1997: A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge earthquake, Ventura County, California, January-March 1994: Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 277, no. 11, p. 904-908. Scogins, J. T, 1957,,Comparative study of time loss in coccidioidomycosis and other respiratory diseases: in Proceeding Symposia on coccidioidomycosis, Public Health Service Publication, n. 575, p. 132 - 135. Smith, C. E., Beard, R. R., Rosenberger, H. G., and Whiting, E. G., 1946, Effect of season and dust control on coccidioidomycosis: Journal American Medical Association, v. 132, n. 14, p. 833 - 838. Sorensen, R. H., 1964, Survival characteristics of mycelia and spherules of Coccidioides immitis in a simulated natural environment: American Journal of Hygiene, v. 80, n. 3, p. 275 -285. Swatek, F. E., 1975, The epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis: in Al-Doory, Yousef, ed., The epidemiology of human mycotic diseases, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, p. 75 - 102. 16 Groundwater&. Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Know Your Groundwater & Surface Water: + '?} Understanding the Interaction ,, A Guide for Watershed Partnerships Frequent Questions Groundwater: A Hidden Resource. Watershed Partners to r7al'I died hl�le:rnl< Introduction. Water. It's vital for all of us. We depend on its good quality-and What's a... quantity-for drinking, recreation, use in industry and growing crops. It 4 '✓ "-" 'I also is vital to sustaining the natural systems on and under the VV flershed A-1,1( •, earth's surface. ► 'v�ialaished Pmina151un b UVa1e1 hlo,sary Groundwater is a hidden resource. At one time, its purity and Watershed Guides availability were taken for granted. Now contamination and availability are serious issues. Some interesting facts to consider... I' R Scientists estimate groundwater accounts for more than 95% of te.,-11Ii ` r.:.•..L^ III-.n1nln all fresh water available for use. R P,�air+gnri t-un Nd P-tllliri I n:m,.1 , Approximately 50% of Americans obtain all or part of their drinking water from groundwater. nonl•rllm,���,I.,I,.; .!:,.nand A r.•� I i1iU ," Nearly 95% of rural residents rely on groundwater for their 1.„..,I drinking supply. nar 1 n1'ISl 1 1;11� About half of irrigated cropland uses groundwater. 1,,1......non Approximately one third of industrial water needs are fulfilled by using groundwater. Other Resources About 40% of river flow nationwide (on average) depends on Vlels+shoal m1� „Iio;,.,ii,;. ,I:;,,,I groundwater 10 "t� 11,".- euel,: MID, P,-ypu,'-c' Thus, groundwater is a critical component of management plans Know Your Watershed is developed by an increasing number of watershed partnerships. coordinated by Co,i Iry ikon Iechnolugy Infolniabun(,ynlel Groundwater ABCs. Groundwater is the water that saturates the tiny spaces between http://www.etic.purdue.edu/kyw/brochures/groundsurCacc.html Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction alluvial material (sand, gravel, silt, clay) or the crevices or fractures in rocks. Aeration zone:The zone above the water table is known as the zone of aeration (unsaturated or vadose zone). Water in the soil (in the ground but above the water table) is referred to as soil moisture. Spaces between soil, gravel and rock are filled with water (suspended) and air. Capillary water:Just above the water table, in the aeration zone, is capillary water that moves upward from the water table by capillary action. This water can move slowly in any direction, from a wet particle to a dry one. While most plants rely on moisture from precipitation that is present in the unsaturated zone, their roots may also tap into capillary water or into the underlying saturated zone. Aquifer: Most groundwater is found in aquifers-underground layers of porous rock that are saturated from above or from structures sloping toward it. Aquifer capacity is determined by the porosity of the subsurface material and its area. Under most of the United States, there are two major types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. Confined aquifers(also known as artesian or pressure aquifers) exist where the groundwater system is between layers of clay, dense rock or other materials with very low permeability. Water in confined aquifers may be very old, arriving millions of years ago. It's also under more pressure than unconfined aquifers. Thus, when tapped by a well, water is forced up, sometimes above the soil surface. This is how a flowing artesian well is formed. Unconfined aquifers are more common and do not have a low- permeability deposit above it. Water in unconfined aquifers may have arrived recently by percolating through the land surface. This is why water in unconfined aquifers is often considered very young, in geologic time. In fact, the top layer of an unconfined aquifer is the water table. It's affected by atmospheric pressure and changing hydrologic conditions. Discharge and recharge rates depend on the hydrologic conditions above them. 1,i1....1 r -4 1 /V 711.,-,..I- /,.._.,,....,1,,....r,... 1-+„1 Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Saturation zone:The portion that's saturated with water is called the zone of saturation. The upper surface of this zone, open to atmospheric pressure, is known as the water table (phreatic surface). Water-bearing rocks: Several types of rocks can hold water, including: + Sedimentary deposits (i.e. sand and gravel) + Channels in carbonate rocks (i.e. limestone) + Lava tubes or cooling fractures in igneous rocks l+ Fractures in hard rocks How Groundwater and Surface Water connect. It's crystal clear. Groundwater and surface water are fundamentally interconnected. In fact, it is often difficult to separate the two because they"feed" each other. This is why one can contaminate the other. A closer look. To better understand the connection, take a closer look at the various zones and actions. A way to study this is by understanding how water recycles ... the hydrologic (water) cycle. As rain or snow falls to the earth's surface: + Some water runs off the land to rivers, lakes, streams and oceans (surface water). + Water also can move into those bodies by percolation below ground. + Water entering the soil can... 000, infiltrate deeper to reach groundwater which can discharge to surface water or return to the surface through wells, springs and marshes. 01 Here it becomes surface water again. +And, upon evaporation, it completes the cycle. This movement of water between the earth and the atmosphere through evaporation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff is continuous. 1-fir•// Amm, -6- nnnln, adn/VVIVII-r--Ilimac/mm,nn�cn rF��a 1-tr-1 Groundwater Nc Surface Water: Understanding the interaction How groundwater"feeds"surface water. One of the most commonly used forms of groundwater comes from unconfined shallow water table aquifers. These aquifers are major sources of drinking and irrigation water. They also interact closely with streams, sometimes flowing (discharging)water into a stream or lake and sometimes receiving water from the stream or lake. An unconfined aquifer that feeds streams is said to provide the stream's baseflow. (This is called a gaining stream.) In fact, groundwater can be responsible for maintaining the hydrologic balance of surface streams, springs, lakes, wetlands and marshes. This is why successful watershed partnerships with a special interest in a particular stream, lake or other surface waterbody always have a special interest in the unconfined aquifer, adjacent to the water body. How surface water"feeds" groundwater. The source of groundwater(recharge) is through precipitation or surface water that percolates downward. Approximately 5-50% (depending on climate, land use, soil type, geology and many other factors)of annual precipitation results in groundwater recharge. In some areas, streams literally recharge the aquifer through stream bed infiltration, called losing streams. Left untouched, groundwater naturally arrives at a balance, discharging and recharging depending on hydrologic conditions. Defining Combined Boundaries. The question of boundaries. Partnerships using the watershed approach to protect natural resources identify and understand the individual resources-water, soil, air, plants, animals and people-early in the process. This is why watershed partnerships select or define boundaries to address all natural resources - not just one. They realize that groundwater, surface water, air quality, and wildlife and human activities all affect each other. Groundwater& Surtace Water: Understanding the Interaction Occasionally watershed partnerships run into difficulty combining boundaries of surface water(watersheds) and recharge areas (groundwater). If this occurs, consider combining surface and groundwater into a single, larger area. In other situations-for example if water is being transferred from one watershed or aquifer to distant users-there can be, and should be, two distinct areas. Thus, watershed partnerships' boundaries may combine the wellhead area, aquifer, watershed, or many other areas depending on the issue(s). Who determines watershed boundaries? Larger sizes-ranging from the entire Missouri or Ohio River Basins-to three nested watersheds smaller are mapped by U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS). Smaller areas like your creek's watershed or a small lake's watershed have been identified and catalogued in many states. The State Geological Survey, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish &Wildlife Service, and p. USDI Bureau of Reclamation are the agencies that have identified these areas. Call your local office for details. Common boundaries. Aquifers are often difficult to delineate. It requires someone with an understanding of the aquifer, the geology, the surface above it, and the land that drains toward the surface. An unconfined aquifer area often extends to the surface waterbody's (i.e. lake, river, estuary)watershed. When determining an aquifer protection area, pumping (working)wells are not considered. The biggest risk to an unconfined aquifer is contaminated water moving through the permeable materials directly above it. This area is known as the primary recharge area. Depending on the depth and overlying geologic characteristics, travel time from the surface to the aquifer can be relatively short. Less permeable deposits located at higher elevations than the aquifer form a secondary recharge area. These areas also recharge the aquifer through both overland runoff and groundwater Flow. httn•/hxnxnx� Mir nnrrinr Fr1n/KV�Ulhrnrhnrrc/ornnnricnrfnrr hhnl Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Because they are less permeable and tend to be a greater distance from the aquifer, they often filter out contaminants. Additional recharge areas to consider include an adjacent stream that potentially contributes to the aquifer through infiltration. When pumping wells are located near a stream or lake, infiltration can be increased. Infiltrating streams typically provide an aquifer with large quantities of water and a pathway for bacteria, viruses and other contaminants. A confined aquifer area may be limited to the outcrop of the aquifer � unit and its immediate contributing area. This area may actually be isolated from the location of water supply wells within the aquifer. Semi-confined aquifers may receive water from both outcrop areas and overlying aquifers. Delineating the aquifer protection area can be extensive and complex. Sole-source aquifers are delineated based on aquifer type - confined, semi -confined or unconfined -and local geologic and hydrologic conditions. Defined as providing a minimum of 50% of the water for its users, sole-source aquifers usually exist only where there simply are no viable alternative water sources. Wellhead protection areas (also known as zone of contribution and contributing areas) are the surface and subsurface areas surrounding a well or field of wells (wellfield) supplying a public water system. The area is calculated by determining the distance contaminants are reasonably likely to move before reaching a well. Some common methods for determining the wellhead protection area include: Arbitrary fixed radius Calculated fixed radius Simplified variable shapes Analytical method Numerical method Hydrogeologic mapping When selecting the best method, consider available funds and the Uroundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction level of concern. Other factors to consider include the cone of depression and drawdown. Surface watersheds are defined by a simple process of identifying the highest elevations in land that drains to the surface waterbody (i.e. lake, pond, river, estuary, etc.). Watersheds are all shapes and sizes, ranging from just a few acres to several million acres ... many smaller watersheds "nested" inside a larger watershed. Most successful watershed partnerships work with a manageable size yet encompass all the different, but integrated, areas This enables faster measurable progress and stronger ties between stakeholders and the waterbody they affect. Threats to Groundwater. Threats to quantity. An increased quantity of groundwater is being withdrawn to meet the demands of a growing population. Some of the typical threats associated with this include overdraft, drawdown and subsidence. Overdraft occurs when groundwater is removed faster than recharge can replace it. This can result in... A permanent loss of a portion of its storage capacity. A change that can cause water of unusable quality to contaminate good water. R In coastal basins, salt water intrusion can occur. Generally, any withdrawal in excess of safe yield (the amount that can be withdrawn without producing an undesirable result) is an overdraft. Drawdown differs significantly from overdraft. It results in a temporarily lowered water table generally caused by pumping. In this situation, the water table recovers when the supply is replenished. Subsidence is one of the dramatic results from overpumping. As the water table declines, water pressure is reduced. This causes the fine particles that held water to become compacted. In addition to permanently reducing storage capacity, the land above the aquifer can sink ... from a few inches to several feet ... causing a sinkhole. httn•//www.ctic.nurdne.edu/KYW/hrnchures/ornundFurfaee hhnl Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction This can damage property and fields. / Threats to quality. V/ Inorganic compounds, pathogens and organic compounds can harm water quality, affecting the health of humans, fish and wildlife. Scientists continually learn more about contaminants, their sources and prevention practices. What's water quality? Each state is responsible for designating uses for groundwater, surface waters, wetlands, etc. Designated uses include fishable, swimmable, drinkable, recreational, agricultural, aquatic life, and more. Each state is also responsible for developing water quality standards for each use. For example, while most rivers are designated to be used for fishing, a few river sections are designated to be used for drinking water. The same is true for groundwater. Uses are defined and standards identified. A few groundwater uses and standards are: Groundwater II Use Standards Drinking water I Meet MCL* for pollutants Industrial process Quality & quantity criteria Stream baseflow I Discharge quantity & quality *MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level Note that, for most groundwater uses, quality and quantity are important, while for surface water uses, generally quality is the primary concern (with the realization the quantity affects quality). Inorganic Compounds include all compounds that do not contain carbon. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and heavy metals are two examples. R Nitrates can cause problems in drinking water or marine waters Phosphorus can reduce uses of fresh surface waters Heavy metals include selenium, arsenic, iron, manganese, t�Hn• 1i^ nnrInP II /TCV1AI/I-...,.,I._....,,,/ I (;..... I.i 7 Groundwater & Surlhce Wales: Understanding the Interaction sulfur, cadmium and chromium and others. Some (iron, manganese and arsenic) occur naturally Pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, have been credited with causing more than 50% of the waterborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. Cryptosporidium Parvum and Giardia both commonly cause illnesses when consumed. / Organic Compounds include Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) V/ like benzene, toluene, xylene; semi-volatile compounds like napthaline and phenol; PCBs and pesticides. Potential sources. Point sources are easily identified because they usually come out of a "pipe." Examples include sewage treatment plants, large injection VOOO wells, industrial plants, livestock facilities, landfills, and others. Regulated by the state water quality agency and the U.S. EPA, point sources are issued a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit when they meet regulations. Many point sources were established generations ago, before the threat they posed was understood. Some o these sources have ' been "grandfalMred"into compliance with some regulations. Thus, you may find some point sources located in areas that would be considered inappropriate now. Nonpoint sources refer to widespread, seemingly insignificant amounts of pollutants which, cumulatively, threaten water quality and natural systems. Examples of nonpoint sources include septic systems, agriculture, construction, grazing, forestry, recreational activities, careless household management, lawn care, and parking lot and other urban runoff. Nonpoint sources are not required to have a permit. Individually, each may not be a serious threat, but together they may be a significant threat. Other sources that aren't classified under point or nonpoint sources 1-�i.../I......... ..r�.. .,.....1..., ,..1../V V\7T14 ..1-. 1,..-..._.1..._.C,.-- 1., _I Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction include underground petroleum storage systems and many large and small businesses like dry cleaners, restaurants, and automotive repair shops. Although a large number of underground storage tanks have been removed or upgraded, a significant number remain. V'6/ Businesses can threaten groundwater with a wide variety of potentially contaminating substances. Groundwater Contaminant Sources l Source 11 Contaminant Salting practices & storage I Chlorides Snow dumping II Chlorides (Agricultural fertilizers I Nitrates Manure handlingNitrates, pathogens Home fertilizer I Nitrates Septic systems II Nitrates, pathogens Urban landscapes I Hydrocarbons, pesticides, pathogens (Agricultural dealers II HVdrOCafbons, pesticides, nitrates (Agricultural feedlots IlNitrates, pathogens Solid waste landfills I Hazardous materials Industrial uses RCRA'C' I Hazardous materials Industrial uses RCRA V II Hazardous materials Small quantity generators II Hazardous materials Households II Hazardous materials Gas stations II Hydrocarbons (Auto repair shops lI Hydrocarbons i Recycling facilities II Hydrocarbons l Auto salvage yards I Hydrocarbons Underground storage tanksll Hydrocarbons httn•//Axm,w rtir nurdile him] Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Industrial floor drains II Hydrocarbons Injection wells 'I Hydrocarbons (Junkyards IlHydrocarbons Management Approaches. The watershed management approach. A quick review of key components of the local, voluntary watershed approach to protecting natural resources will help you evaluate groundwater management approaches and how they may be used in your particular situation. The most critical component to the watershed management approach is the involvement and consensus of all key stakeholders (or organizations representing them) at each step in the process. Other key components include: # Assess natural resources-soil, water(including groundwater), air, plants, animals, and people. Identify and prioritize problems. Develop measurable objectives-based on local environmental, economic and social goals. Identify and agree upon, strategies for reaching objectives. 41 Implement strategies and assess results. Some of the activities, as they pertain to groundwater, are described in this guide. For example: Determing boundaries of the groundwater and watershed areas is typically part of assessment. Discussing existing and future uses of water is part of setting goals. Defining pollutants and sources is part of assessment, goal setting and solution identification. * Understanding various tools is part of identifying and implementing solutions. Existing groundwater programs. Over the past 20 years many federal and state programs have been developed to improve management of groundwater. Four of the most useful can also easily be incorporated into your watershed plan. These include: rtir nnrdnP P ln/KY�x7/hrnrhnrPc/nt•n,tt�dcttrfare html Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Comprehensive State Groundwater Protection Program R Sole Source Aquifer Program 4 Source Water Protection Program 4 Wellhead Protection Program These approaches can be used in a complementary fashion to manage all resources, including groundwater, for multiple uses- ranging from human consumption to industrial processes to maintaining ecological integrity within a wetland. Comprehensive State Groundwater Protection Program is a statewide program that looks at groundwater's uses, including drinking water, and its role in sustaining the health of surface waterbodies (rivers, streams, wetlands, marshes). The Sole Source Aquifer Program, Source Water Protection ` Program, and Wellhead Protection Program all are intended toV// protect a drinking water supply. The programs generally are compatible with the Comprehensive State Groundwater Protection Program, but are applied to very defined geographic areas... R The Sole Source Aquifer Program applies to the aquifer boundaries. The Source Water Protection Program applies to water that drains into a reservoir (used as a drinking water source) or intake. A The Wellhead Protection Program applies to defined wellhead areas. Special issues. Although groundwater programs are often used within the watershed framework, there are some issues that may arise as you attempt to integrate them. These issues have been listed to simply make you aware of them. Each is best addressed through cooperation and consensus. Water quality use designations often do not reflect the presence of groundwater intakes for drinking water. Water quality criteria and drinking water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) often are not consistent in terms of chemical specific values and parameters. M Minor dischargers and permitted management measures under Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding [lie Interaction the NPDES program may not sufficiently reduce the risk to drinking water intakes. M Where agriculture activities are reducing drinking water quality, changes in management practices may or may not take a long time to result in water quality improvements depending on weather, geography etc. Source water areas for groundwater drinking supplies (wellhead areas) generally do not coincide with surface water drainage areas. Long-term drinking water treatment may be necessary for certain public water supply systems because of the nature of the contaminant sources and the size of the contributing area. Additional information State Sources 4 Public Health Agency M Water Quality Agency R Environmental Agency Local Sources (0 Natural Resource Conservation Service to Conservation District E* Extension Office I�Water Utility Management Tools. There are many, many tools that can be used to manage groundwater resources. Before discussing this list of possible tools, your partnership will benefit from designating current and future uses of groundwater. Does it feed a lake used for swimming? Will urban growth require it to be used for drinking water? With this in mind, your partnership might want to use this list of tools as a starting place for discussion. You may use several or may decide on another viable option. Zoning: Regulations are used to segregate different, and possibly 1 conflicting, activities into different areas of a community. This V hHr //��nenu ^li^ rur�ln� n,hi/IIVg7/I-c^�I- m,�o/ .i�^.nr-1m .f•...� 1-F—I Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction approach can be limited in its ability to protect groundwater due to "grandfather' provisions. Overlay Water Resource Protection Districts: Similar to zoning regulations in their goals of defining the resource, these ordinances and bylaws map zones of contributing boundaries and enact specific legislation for land uses and development within these boundaries. Prohibition of Some Land Uses:These are not typically considered very creative tools. However, prohibition of land uses such as gas stations, sewage treatment plants, landfills, or the use/storage/transport of toxic materials is a first step towards the development of a comprehensive groundwater protection strategy. Special Permitting:The special permitting process can be used to regulate uses and structures that may potentially degrade water and land quality. Large Lot Zoning: Large lot zoning seeks to limit groundwater resource degradation by reducing the number of buildings and septic systems within a groundwater protection area. Eliminating/Modifying Septic Systems:Septic system problems can be reduced or eliminated by extending or developing community sewage treatment systems. Other options include specifying minimum design requirements like mound systems. Transfer of Development Rights:A government entity prepares a plan designating land parcels from which development rights can be transferred to other areas. This allows land uses to be protected (i.e. for a gas station)while assuring that these uses are outside sensitive areas. Growth Control/Timing: Growth controls are used to slow or guide a community's growth, ideally in concert with its ability to support growth. One important consideration is the availability of groundwater. Performance Standards:This assumes that any given resource has a threshold, beyond which it deteriorates to an unacceptable level. Performance standards assume that most uses are allowable in a designated area, provided that the use or uses do not and will ....,..I. .. ...I /T/''V 117A,,-. I. , /,._..,..._,I. .r,,-, 1 ,,..-1 Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction not overload the resource. With performance standards, it is important to establish critical threshold limits as the bottom line for acceptability. Underground Storage Tanks:Three additional protection measures are often adopted to enhance local water resource protection. They include: 4I Prohibit new residential underground storage tanks Remove existing residential underground storage tanks Prohibit all new underground storage tank installation in groundwater and surface water management areas Septic System Maintenance:Septic system maintenance is frequently overlooked. Many times the system will not function properly, causing "breakout' of solids at the surface, which can lead to bacterial contamination. In addition, when systems fail, any additives used can become contaminants. Land Donations: Land owners are often in the position of being able to donate some land to the community or to a local land trust. 1 Conservation Easements: Conservation easements allow for a limited right to use the land. Easements can effectively protect critical lands from development. ./ Purchase Lands: Many communities purchase selected parcels of land that are deemed significant for resource protection. Well Construction/Closure Standards: Wells are a direct conduit to groundwater. Standards for new well construction, as well as identification and closure of abandoned wells, can prevent groundwater from being contaminated. Groundwater Protection Tools Technique I Tool t Overlay Groundwater Protection Prohibit Various Land Uses Special Permitting Large Lot Zoning -h4,.//._,,._.,.., ,.1;� ..I -I IV 17117/1. ..,,I.,._,.,/.._,... IA .r-.,.. 1.:_.1 Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Transfer of Development Rights Cluster/PUD Design Growth Controls/Timing Zoning Districts Performance Standards Geographic Information Systems Overlay Wetlands Identify Local Wellhead Protection Areas Subdivision Drainage Requirements Control I Growth Management in Sensitive Areas Underground Fuel Storage Systems Small Sewage Treatment Plants Health Septic Cleaner Bans Regulations Septic System Upgrades Toxic & Hazardous Material Regulations Private Well Protection Voluntary Sale, Donation or Trust Restrictions 11 Conservation Easements Limited Development Other non- Monitoring (regulatory Contingency Plans Hazardous Waste Collection Public Education Land Banking Groundwater Management Practices Zoning Districts I, Management Practices Impervious area restrictions Artificial wetlands Grass lined channels Groundwater recharge Impoundment structures (ponds) , Subsurface drains (tiles) Infiltration trenches Native tree and shrub plantings Buffer strips Pollutant reduction Filter strips Riparian zones II I http://www.ctic.purdtie.edu/K II W/brochures/vroiindsurface.html Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Soil nitrate testing Integrated pest management Pollution prevention Manure testing Variable rate applications Abandoned well closure Groundwater IQ Questions and Answers. Test your groundwater IQ. 1.Which ways can groundwater move? a. Up b. Down c. Sideways d. All of the above 2. How is the speed of groundwater movement measured? a. Feet per day b. Feet per week c. Feet per month d. Feet per year 3. How is stream flow usually measured? a. Feet per second b. Feet per minute c. Feet per hour d.Yards per hour 4. What determines how fast groundwater moves? a. Temperature b.Air pressure c. Depth of water table d. Size of materials 5. Can the water table elevation change often? a. Yes b. No 6. Does aquifer storage capacity vary? a. Yes b. No Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Answers: 1. d.All of the above Although most movement is lateral(sideways), it can move straight up or down. Groundwater simply follows the path of least resistance by moving from higher pressure zones to lower pressure zones. 2. d. Feet per year Groundwater movement is usually measured in feet per year. This is why a pollutant that enters groundwater requires many years before it purifies itself or is carried to a monitored well. 3. a. Feet per second Water flow in streams/rivers is measured in feet per second. 4. d. Size of materials Coarse materials like sand and gravel allow water to move rapidly. (They also form excellent aquifers because of their holding capacity.) In contrast, fine-grained materials, like clay or shale, are very difficult for water to move through. Thus, water moves very, very slowly in these materials. 5. a.Yes Water table elevations often fluctuate because of recharge and discharge variations. They generally peak in the winter and spring due to recharge from rains and snow melt. Throughout the summer the water table commonly declines due to evaporation, uptake by plants (transpiration), increased public use, industrial use, and crop, golf course and lawn irrigation. Elevations commonly reach their lowest point in early fall. 6. a. Yes Just like the waterlevel in rivers and streams, the amount of water in the groundwater supply can vary due to seasonal, weather, use and other factors. Sources of information. To start down the road toward an effective local watershed partnership, you may want to read some of these other guides from the Conservation Technology Information Center by calling 765-494- ♦y 9555. See our catalog to order this online. Groundwater & Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Building Local Partnerships Getting to Know Your Watershed Leading & Communicating Managing Conflict Putting Together a Watershed Plan Reflecting on Lakes Wetlands: A Key Link in Watershed Management Guide to Information and Resources Nonpoint Source Water Quality Contacts You may also find the following publications helpful. Some of these information sources were used to develop this guide. Layperson's Guide to Ground Water, 1993, Water Education Foundation, 717 K Street, Ste. 517, Sacramento CA 95814. A Primer on Ground Water, US Geological Survey Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425. Denver CO 80225. Citizen's Guide to Ground Water Protection, April 1990, EPA 440/6-90-004, US EPA Office of Water, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. Managing Ground Water Contamination Sources in Wellhead Protection Areas:A Priority Setting Approach, October 1991, EPA 570/9-91-023, US EPA, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. National Assessment of Contaminated Ground Water Discharge to Surface Water, September 30 1993, US EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Groundwater Protection Division, 401 M St. SW, Washington DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. A Review of Methods for Assessing Nonpoint Source Contaminated Ground Water Discharge to Surface Water, April 1991, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. httn•//xxmm, -6i nil rIii- i/VV\h7/I-r,.�lnu�=c 1.n•^nr�l.nrfc� 1-f -I Groundwater& Surlace Water: Understanding the Interaction Pesticide and Ground Water Strategy, EPA 21 T-1002, US EPA, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. National Water Quality Inventory, 1994 Report to Congress, December 1995. EPA 841-R-95-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Order from NCEPI, 11029 Kenwood Rd. Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242. Fax: 513-489-8695. Assistance is available... Contact your local or state: Natural Resource Conservation Service 4 Conservation District R Extension Office b Water Utility R Water Quality Agency About this guide... One of a series, this guide is intended for the layperson who wants to organize a local, voluntary partnership to protect their watershed. This series will not solve all your problems. It's our intention to provide guidance for going through the process of building a voluntary partnership, assessing your watershed, developing a watershed management plan and implementing that plan. Because the characteristics of each watershed are unique, you may wish to select and use the portions of this and other guides that are applicable to your particular situation. Although the series is written for watershed-based planning areas, the ideas and process can be used for developing plans (such as wildlife areas) to match the multiple concerns of the partnership. Regardless of the area or issues, remember a long-term, integrated perspective-based on a systematic, scientific assessment-can be used to address more than one concern at a time. Special thanks... Special thanks to Nancy Phillips, Environmental Scientist, Hollis, New Hampshire, who dedicated long hours to writing this guide. Without her help this guide would not be possible. htfn•//w�an� rlir,rnn•dne �rin/KYW/hmrhnres/nrrnnulsnrfsmP.hhnl Groundwater& Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction Stephen Adduci, Studio d'adduci, Los Galos, California, provided the colorful illustrations used throughout the guide. Special thanks also go to the professionals (below) who carefully reviewed this guide. Their experience and thoughtful guidance enriched it. Their time and insight is deeply appreciated. Jerry Bernard USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Bridget Chard Cass County (MN) Tom Davenport US EPA, Region 5, Water Division Nancy Garlitz USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Susan Kaynor Environmental Consultant Frank Sagona Tennessee Valley Authority Susan Seacrest The Groundwater Foundation John Simons US EPA, Office of Groundwater& Drinking Water Perri Standish-Lee Brown and Caldwell Ceceilia Stetson Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Joan Warren US EPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds Darlene Vogel County of Erie (NY) The Know Your Watershed campaign is coordinated by the Conservation Technology Information Center(CTIC), a nonprofit public/private partnership dedicated to the advancement of environmentally beneficial and economically viable natural resource systems. It provides information and data about agricultural and natural resource management systems, practices and technologies. The center was established in i under the charter of the National Association of Conservation Districts. Back to the top Jill ll'iiRrunu ^li^ 1, /7'1 tAMINGLUPUS - LA�-3TOFTHEWIL13EOUIDSOFNIKOLA I BIG BANG BUNGLED: SCIENTIFIC 6 Common Errors about the $ Expanding Universe AMERICAN MARCH 2O05 1 WWW SCIAM.COM 1 , DID HUMANS STOP AN a a T Ak,, , 8,000 YEARS OF GLOBAL WARMING Fuel-Cell Cars: The Future May Be Stuck in Neutral Virtual ` ' a Smallpox in Real City ' a 70992138529 r 54.99 U.S. $6.99 CAN lF, �. STRIKES P 'O'IRIT ' LA,, NDL 0 ell y BY CHRIS L. BARRETT,STEPHEN G. EUBANKANG.f'AMES.F SMITH "EPISIMS" UNLEASHES VIRTUAL PLAGUES-IN, REALCITIES.TO SEE HOW SOCIAL NETWORKS SPREAD' DISEASE. THAT KNOWLEDGE MIGH.T HELP STOP EPIDEMICS Pl! i 77. A , j J4 J4 J� 40 •1 �) E c 1. k } j J I ri a �i ,�: ►' � �'� � . � � � � �r,,:� � d. ot 1 1 -y 1 I. /I►/ + I4, � + i-rim. (y Ifl: •.r'-�� . }.y..� �,, i 7 oppose terrorists were to release rough guide. Methods that eradicated The networks that support everyday life plague in Chicago, and health smallpox in African villages in the and provide employment,transportation 7 officials,faced with limited re- 1970s, for example, might not be the infrastructure,necessities and luxuries sources and personnel, had to most effective tactics against smallpox are the same ones that infectious diseases quickly choose the most effective re- released in a U.S.city in the 21st century. exploit to spread among human hosts.By sponse.Would mass administration of To identify the best responses under a modeling this social network in fine de- antibiotics be the best way to halt an variety of conditions in advance of disas- tail,we can understand its structure and i outbreak? Or mass quarantines?What ters, health officials need a laboratory how to alter it to disrupt the spread of 1 if a chance to nip a global influenza pan- where"what if"scenarios can be tested disease while inflicting the least damage demic in the bud meant sending nation- as realistically as possible.That is why to the social fabric. al stockpiles of antiviral drugs to Asia our group at Los Alamos National Lab- where a deadly new flu strain was said oratory (LANL) set out to build Epi- Virtual Epidemiology to be emerging?If the strategy succeed- Sims,the largest individual-based epide- LONG A E r o aE the germ theory of dis- ed,a worldwide crisis would be averted; miology simulation model ever created. ease,London physician John Snow at- if it failed,the donor countries would be Modeling the interactions of each in- gued that cholera,which had lulled tens left with less protection. dividual in a population allows us to go of thousands of people in England dur- Public health officials have to make beyond estimating the number of people ing the preceding 20 years, spread via choices that could mean life or death for likely to be infected;it lets us simulate the the water supply.In the summer of 1854 thousands, even millions,of people, as paths a disease would take through the he tested that theory during an outbreak well as massive economic and social dis- population and thus where the outbreak in the Soho district.On a map,he marked ruption.And history offers them only a could be intercepted most effectively. the location of the homes of each of the F I � �'ry�-•f 4 f ti n F' �km Il' y� I r , 500 victims who had died in the preced- her is a best guess based on historical high-performance supercomputing clus- ing 10 days and noted where each victim situations, even though the culture, ters and by building on an existing mod- had gotten water.He discovered that ev- physical conditions and health status of el called TRANSIMS developed over ery one of them drank water from the people in those events may differ greatly more than a decade at Los Alamos for Broad Street pump,so Snow convinced from the present situation. urban planning[see"Unjamming Traffic iofficials to remove the pump handle.His In real epidemics,these details mat- with Computers," by Kenneth R.How- action limited the death toll to 616. ter.The rate at which susceptible people ard; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, October _ -I Tracing the activities and contacts of become infected depends on their indi- 1997].The TRANSIMS project started individual disease victims,as Snow did, vidual state of health,the duration and as a means of better understanding the remains an important tool for modern nature of their interactions with coma- potential effects of creating or rerouting epidemiologists. And it is nothing new gious people,and specific properties of roads and other transportation infra- for health authorities to rely on models the disease pathogen itself.Truer models structure.By giving us a way to simulate the movements of a large population Truer models must ca ture the througlia realistic urban environment, p TRANSIMS provided the foundation we mil- probabilityneeded of disease transmission lionsotomodeltheirEpiSims. f- lions of individuals for EpiSims. Although EpiSims can now be adapt- from one person to another. ,, ed to different cities,the original TRAN- SIMS model was based on Portland,Ore. when developing policies to protect the of outbreaks must capture the probabil- The TRANSIMS virtual version of Port- public. Yet most mathematical models ity of disease transmission from one per- land incorporates detailed digital maps for understanding and predicting the son to another,which means simulating of the city,including representations of course of disease outbreaks describe not only the properties of the disease and its rail lines,roads,signs,traffic signals only the interactions of large numbers of the health of each individual but also de- and other transportation infrastructure, people in aggregate. One reason is that tailed interactions between every pair of and produces information about traffic modelers have often lacked detailed individuals in the group. patterns and travel times.Publicly avail- knowledge of how specific contagious Attempts to introduce such epide- able data were used to generate 180,000 diseases spread. Another is that they etiological models have, until recently, specific locations,a synthetic population have not had realistic models of the so- considered only very small groups of of 1.6 million residents,and realistic dai- cial interactions in which people have 100 to 1,000 people.Their size has been ly activities for those people[see box on contact with one another.And a third is limited because they are based on actual opposite pageJ. that they have not had the computation- populations,such as the residents,visi- Integrating all this information into al and methodological means to build tors and staff of a nursing home,so they a computer model provides the best esti- models of diseases interacting with dy- require detailed data about individuals mate of physical contact patterns for namic human populations. and their contacts over days or weeks. large human populations ever created. As a result, epidemiology models Computing such a large number of inter- With EpiSims, we can release a virtual typically rely on estimates of particular actions also presents substantial techni- pathogen into these populations,watch disease's "reproductive number"—the cal difficulties. it spread and test the effects of different number of people likely to be infected by Our group was able to construct this interventions.But even without simulat- one contagious person or contaminated kind of individual-based epidemic model inga disease outbreak, the model pro- I location. Often this reproductive num- on a scale of millions of people by using vides intriguing insights into human so- cial networks, with potentially impor- -' -- rant implications for epidemic response. Social Networks Epiderniologicallisimulations effectiveness of differentTO UNDERSTAND what asocial net- - work really is and how it can be used for a Nodeling the movementsoof every individual in a large population produces a epidemiology, imagine the daily activi- dynamic picturmf the social network—the same network of contacts used ties and contacts of a single hypothetical bilonfectious dlTases to-spread among human hosts. adult,Ann.She has short brushes with _ Kniowing the pa t s a disease could take through society enables officials to family members during breakfast and throughafterthe social network - as o and then with other commuters or carpool- quarantines - ers on her way to work. Depending on iher job,she might meet dozens of people 56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MARCH 2005 500 victims who had died in the preced- her is a best guess based on historical high-performance supercomputmg clus- ing 10 days and noted where each victim situations, even though the culture, ters and by building on an existing mod- had gotten water.He discovered that ev- physical conditions and health status of el called TRANSIMS developed over ery one of them drank water from the peopleinthose events may differgreatly more than a decade at Los Alamos for Broad Street pump,so Snow convinced from the present situation. urban planning[see"Unlamming Traffic officials to remove the pump handle.His In real epidemics,these details mat- with Computers," by Kenneth R.How- action limited the death toll to 616. ter.The rate at which susceptible people ard; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, October Tracing the activities and contacts of become infected depends on their indi- 1997].The TRANSIMS project started individual disease victims,as Snow did, vidual state of health,the duration and as a means of better understanding the remains an important tool for modern nature of their interactions with cohta- potential effects of creating or rerouting epidemiologists.And it is nothing new gious people,and specific properties of roads and other transportation infra- for health authorities to rely on models the disease pathogen itself.Truer models structure.By giving us a way to simulate the movements of a large population Truer models must ca ture the through a realistic urban environment, p TRANSIMS provided the foundation we needed to model the interactions of mil- probability of disease transmission lions of individuals for EpiSims. Although EpiSims can now be adapt- from one person to another. . ed to different cities,the original TRAN- SINIS model was based on Portland,Ore. when developing policies to protect the of outbreaks must capture the probabil- The TRANSIMS virtual version of Port- public. Yet most mathematical models ity of disease transmission from one per- land incorporates detailed digital maps for understanding and predicting the son to another,which means simulating of the city,including representations of course of disease outbreaks describe not only the properties of the disease and its rail lines,roads,signs,traffic signals only the interactions of large numbers of the health of each individual but also de- and other transportation infrastructure, people in aggregate. One reason is that tailed interactions between every pair of and produces information about traffic modelers have often lacked detailed individuals in the group. patterns and travel times.Publicly avail- knowledge of how specific contagious Attempts to introduce such epide- able data were used to generate 180,000 diseases spread. Another is that they miological models have,until recently, specific locations,a synthetic population have not had realistic models of the so- considered only very small groups of of 1.6 million residents,and realistic dai- cial interactions in which people have 100 to 1,000people.Their size has been ly activities for those people[see box on contact with one another.And a third is limited because they are based on actual opposite page1. that they have not had the computation- populations,such as the residents,visi- Integrating all this information into al and methodological means to build tors and staff of a nursing home,so they a computer model provides the best esti- models of diseases interacting with dy- require detailed data about individuals mate of physical contact patterns for namic human populations, and their contacts over days or weeks. large human populations ever created. As a result, epidemiology models Computing such a large number of inter- With EpiSims,we can release a virtual typically rely on estimates of a particular actions also presents substantial techni- pathogen into these populations,watch disease's "reproductive number"—the cal difficulties. it spread and test the effects of different number of people likely to be infected by Our group was able to constrict this interventions.But even without simulat- one contagious person or contaminated kind of individual-based epidemic model ing a disease outbreak, the model pro- location. Often this reproductive num- on a scale of millions of people by using vides intriguing insights into human so- cial networks, with potentially impor- tant implications for epidemicresponse. Social Networks 1 �• - effectiveness of different responsesadvance TO UNDERSTAND what asocial net- -outbreaks. work really is and how it can be used for a Modelingthe movements of every individual in a large population produces a epidemiology,imagine the daily activi- dynamic picture of the social network—the same network of contacts used ties and contacts of a single hypothetical by infectious diseases to spread among human hosts. adult,Ann. She has short brushes with _ . Know ingthe paths a disease could take through society enables officials to family members during breakfast and alterthe social networkthrough measures such as school closings and then with other commuters or carpool- quarantines ers on her way to work. Depending on her job,she might meet dozens of people 56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MARCH 2O05 1 CREATING THE EPISIMS Theo riginal Ep!Sims model was based on Portia no,Ore.,but intrusive.A synthetic papulation,statistic all Yin distinguish a ble gathering sufficiently detailed information about 1.6 million from the real one,could nonetheless be constructed and real people and their activities would have been difficult and given realistic daily lives using publicly available data. SYNTHETIC HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEH0LO#2378 The U.S.Census Bureau provideddemographic information,such as age, -_ -- - - - — -- huuseholdcompositionandincome, forthe entire city as well as 5 percent of Lunch its complete records for smaller study x - _. areas ofa few square blocks. Fr _ -- -------- I Through a statistical technique called iterative proportional fitting,these two g - P P g� Age: 28 27 7 3 data sets were combined to create - Work households and individuals with Income: $37K $28K $0 $0 _ - �`> - - statistically correct demographics Status: worker worker student day care -+ - — - —and geographic distribution. " `Auto: n/a n/a ' Shopping HH2375 I � -- B HH23P5 -- — - -- - - 0� HH2325 DAILY ACTIVITIES 0 Le S i At a00nM 443PM e Leave home Leave dentist 2 At — Home H H 40A 61 530 PM 2 Arrive at work Goshopping - -- 3 H: } G Have lunch Leave shopping - Bentistu- Go to the dentist Arrive home ` — LOCATIONS ACTIVITIES Settingthe population in motion requires assigning locations to every Most metropolitan planning offices conduct detailed traveler household's activities.Land-use data for buildings,parking lots, .I activitysurveys for small population samples of a few thousand, parks and other places were associated with 180,000 locations in the '! These logs track the movements of each household member overthe made[,providing estimates of the number of people performing ' course of one or more days,notingthe time of each activity.By various types of activities there.Activities were anchored to .l matching the demographics of survey respondents to the entire individuals'work or school locations,and then places were chosen for synthetic population,realistic daily activities can be generated for additional activities,such as grocery shopping or recreation,taking every synthetic household member into account their distance and other measures oftheir appeal. at work, with each encounter having a The popular idea that everyone on been found to display this same tendency i? different duration,proximity and put- the earth is connected to everyone else toward having"hubs":certain locations, pose. During lunch or a shopping trip by at most six degrees of separation people or even molecules with an unusu- j after work,Ann might have additional means that if we continued building our ally high number of connections to the short contacts with strangers in public social network until it included everyone rest of the network.The shortest path be- places before returning home. on the planet,no two people would be tween any two nodes in the network is We can visually represent Ann's con- more than six hops from one another. typically through one of these hubs, tacts as a network with Ann in the center The idea is not strictly true,but it makes much as in a commercial airline's route and a line connecting Ann to each of for a good story and has even led to the system.Technically,such networks are them [see box on next page].All Ann's well-known game involving the social called "scale-free"when the number of j contacts engage in various activities and network of actors who have appeared in hubs with exactly k connections,N(k),is meet other people as well.We can repre- films-with Kevin Bacon. In academic proportional to a power of k[see"Scale- sent these "contacts of contacts" by circles, another such social network Free Networks," by Albert-Laszlo drawing lines from each—for example, traces mathematicians' co-authorship Barabasi and Eric Bonabeau;SCIENTIFIC Ann's colleague named Bob—to all his connections, with one's "Erdos num- AMERICAN,May 20031. contacts.Unless they are also contacts of ber"defined by graph distance from the Because a scale-free network can be Ann,Bob's contacts are two"hops"away late,brilliant and prolific Paul Erdos. severely damaged if one or more of its from Ann. The number of hops on the Other types of networks,including hubs are disabled, some researchers shortest path between people is some- the Internet,the links among scientific have extrapolated this observation to times called the graph distance or degree article citations and even the interactions disease transmission.If infected "hub" of separation between those people. among proteins within living cells,have individuals,such as the most gregarious www.sciam.com SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 57 i - BUILDING 1NETWORKS TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD'SCONTACTS Constructing asocial network for a household of two adults and This diagram shows where the household members go and what they two children starts by identifying their contacts with other people do all day but reveals little about haw their individual contacts might throughout a typical day. be interconnected or connected to others. } Work Work Lunch Carpool Carpool Shopping Home Home 7Car Car or—pDaycare Schoolbus School Schaalbus LOCAL SOCIAL NETWORK EXPANDER GRAPH Asocial network emerges by drawing lines to represent The shape ofthis small connections within the household(a)and from the network expands with each household members to theirdirect contacts(b). generation of contacts. Connectingthose individuals to their own circle of contacts Ad is ease movingthrough b (c)and those to the next generation of contacts(d) suchapopulationtherefore enlarges the network.Long-distance connections show f1 infects rising numbers contacts who also know each other.Yet no one in this 1 ofpeopleineach network has more than 15 direct contacts, generation oftransmissicn. meaning none is a highly connected"hub" of society.One insight from this work is that „,,, so many alternative paths can connect any pair of people,isolating only huh individuals would do little to restrict the spread of infectious disease 5 ti throughthis population. ` Lang-distance —_ connections d = l 1 = i - 1 1 •1 58 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MARCH 2O05 i people in a population,could somehow Smallpox Attack pox from developing.We assumed in all be identified and treated or removed AFTER wE BEGAN developing EpiSims our simulations that health workers and from the network,the reasoning goes, in 2000,smallpox was among the first people charged with tracking down the then an epidemic could be halted with- diseases we chose to model because gov- contacts of infected people had already out having to isolate or treat everyone in ernment officials charged with bioterror- been vaccinated and thus were immune, the population.But our analyses of the ism planning and response were faced Unlike many epidemiological models, social networks used by EpiSims sub with several questions and sometimes our realistic simulation also ensures that y gest that society is not so easily disabled conflicting recommendations. In the the chronology of contacts will be con- S as physical infrastructure. event that smallpox was released into a sidered. If Ann contracted the disease, The network of physical locations in U.S.population,would mass vaccination she could not infect her co-worker Bob a our virtual Portland,defined by people be necessary to prevent an epidemic?Or week earlier. Or,if Ann does infect Bob traveling between them,does indeed ex- would targeting only exposed mdividu- after she herself becomes infected and if hibit the typical scale-free structure, als and their contacts for vaccination be Bob in turn infects his family member g with certain locations acting as impor- enough? How effective is mass quaran- Cathy, the infection cannot pass from tant hubs. As a result, these locations, tine? How feasible are any of these op- Ann to Cathy in less than twice the min- f such as schools and shopping in malls, would be good spots for disease surveil- Our analyses suggest that lance or for placing sensors to detect the presence Theurfbioloialnetworkal agents. Society IS not So easily The urban social networks in the city la also have human hubs with higher than average contacts man because the disabled a infrastructure. 5 dls ble s g Y Y work in the physical hub locations,such as teachers or sales clerks.Yet we have tions with the existing numbers of health imum incubation period between disease also found an unexpectedly high number workers,police and other responders? exposure and becoming contagious. of"short paths" in the social networks To answer such questions, we con- With our disease model established that do not go through hubs,so a policy strutted a model of smallpox that we and everyone in our synthetic population of targeting only hub individuals would could release into our synthetic popula- assigned an immune status,we simulated probably do little to slow the spread of a tion.Smallpox transmission was particu- the release of smallpox in several hub lo- ' disease through the city. larly difficult to model because the virus cations around the city,including a uni- In fact,another unexpected property has not infected humans since its eradica- versity campus. Initially, 1,200 people 9 we have found in realistic social networks tion in the 1970s. Most experts agree, were unwittingly infected, and within I is that everyone but the most devoted re- though,that the virus normally requires hours they had moved throughout the y cluse is effectively a small hub.That is to significant physical contact with an infec- city,going about their normal activities. I say,when we look at the contacts of any tious person or contaminated object.The We then simulated several types of small group, such as four students, we disease has an average incubation period official responses,including mass vacci- find that they are always connected by of approximately 10 days before flulike nation of the city's population or contact B one hop to a much larger group.Depict- symptoms begin appearing,followed by tracing of exposed individuals and their u ing this social network structure results skin rash.Victims are contagious once contacts who could then he targeted for I iin what is known as an expander graph symptoms have appeared and possibly vaccination and quarantine.Finally,we [see box on opposite page],which has a for a short time before they develop fever. simulated no response at all for the pur- .j cone shape that widens with each hop.Its Untreated,some 30 percent of those in- pose of comparison. j most important implication for epidemi- fected would die,but the rest would re- In each of these circumstances, we ology is that diseases can disseminate ex- cover and be immune to reinfection. also simulated delays of four,seven and ponentially fast because the number of Vaccination before exposure or with- 10 days in implementing the response people exposed in each new generation of in four-days of infection can stop small- after the first victims became known.In transmission is always larger than the number in the current generation. CHRIS L.BARRETT,STEPHEN G.£UBANK and JAMES P.SMITH worked for five years to- Theoretically,this should mean that ` gether at Los Alamos National Laboratory(LANE)to develop the EpiSims simulation. whatever health officials do to intervene Barrett,who oversaw a predecessor project,TRANSIMS,is a bioinformatics specialist i nadiseaseoutbreak,speedwillbeone who now directs the Simulation Science Laboratory at the Virginia Bioinformaticslnsti- of the most important factors determin- : tute(VBI)in Blacksburg.Eubank,a physicist,is deputy directorofthe VBl simulation lab mg their success.Simulating disease out- and was EpiSims team leader at Los Alamos.Smith,also a physicist,continues to work breaks with EpiSims allows us to see with simulations related to TRANS]MS as the project office leader for Discrete Simul ation whether that theory holds true. Science in the LAN L Co mp uter and Co mputational Sciences Division. www.sciam.com SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 59 SIMULATED SMALLPDX �1 EpiSims animations depict simu l ated outbreaks and the effects show no pub l is health response as a baseline.In the right-hand of official interventions.In the still frames below,vertical Iin es images,infected and exposed individuals are targeted for indicate the number of infected people present at a location,and vaccination and quarantine.Results from a series of such colorshowsthe percentage ofthem who are contagious.In both simulations(bottom)showthat people withdrawingto their scenarios shown,smallpox is released at a university in central homes early In an outbreak makes the biggest difference in Portland,but the attack is not detected until victims start death tall.The speed of official response,regardless of the experiencing symptoms 10 days later.The left-hand images strategy chosen,proved to be the second most important factor. DAY 1:UNDETECTED SMALLPDX RELEASE NO RESPONSE so TARGETED VACCINATION AND QUARANTINE 25 STARTING DAY 14 INFECTED:1,281 { QUARANTINED:0 INFECTED:1,281 Contagious, VACCINATEO:O DEA0: pntae 0 - DEAD:O DAY35: SMALLPDX EPIDEMIC INFECTED:2,564 QUARANTINED:29,910 INFECTED:23,919 VACCINATED:30,560 DEAD:551 DEAD:312 DAY 70: EPIDEMIC UNCONTAINED OR CONTAINED — j INFECTED:2,564 - 1 QUARANTINED:36,725 j INFECTED:380,582 VACCINATED:37,207 DEAD:12,499 - DEAO:435 WITHDRAWAL TO HOME - JII 10,000 Earlu Late Never 1 ¢o r INTERVENTION KEY RESPONSE EFFECTIVENESS r71 — Simulations allowed people to withdraw to their e �0 1,000- O O ONo vaccine homes because they felt ill orwerefollowing m 110-day delay officials'instructions.Withdrawal could be"early," szz 100- • 7-day delay before anyone became contagious,or"never," I �N meaning people continued moving about unless they a o: • 4-day delay � oa SO- died"Late"withdrawal,24 hours after becoming - w o contagious,was less effective than early 1 FF D '.b withdrawal,which prevented an epidemicwithout z 1 �w 1--0-i;-=f------67-* + :--- • other intervention.Official responses included doing a ELL = • • • nothing,ortargeted vaccination and quarantine with �z 0.3 unlimited personnel,or targeted vaccination limited m y v m y v N m y by only half the necessary personnel being 5 m E S ooE 5 m E available,or mass vaccination of the entire z -� population.The interventions began four,seven or - I OFFICIAL RESPONSE SO days after the first victims became symptomatic. a i addition,we allowed infected individu- Flu and the Future neuraminidase.In our simulations,we als to isolate themselves by withdrawing OVER THE PAST YEAR, a highly vir- will be able to use neuraminidase inhib- to their homes. ulent strain of influenza has raged itors as both treatment and prophylaxis. Each simulation ran for avirtual 100 through bird populations in Asia and (A vaccine against HSNI has been de- days[see box on opposite page],and the has infected more than 40 human be- veloped and recently began clinical tri- precise casualty figures resulting from ings in Japan,Thailand and Vietnam, als but because the vaccine is not yet each scenario were less important than killing more than 30 of those people. proven or available,we will focus our the relative effect different responses had The World Health Organization has simulations on seeing whether the anti- on the death tolls.The results upheld our warned that it is only a matter of time viral drugs together with traditional theoretical prediction based on the ex- .before this lethal flu strain,designated public health measures might stop an pander-graph structure of the social net- HSNI, more easily infects people and epidemic,) work: time was by far the most impor- spreads between them. That develop- Preliminary results announcedinlate tant factor in limiting deaths.The speed ment could spark a global flu pandemic February are reported at www.sciam. with which people withdrew to their with a death toll reaching tens of mil- core.In April,we will complete similar homes orwere isolated by health officials lions [see SA Perspectives, SCIENTIFIC flu pandemic simulations in the EpiSims was the strongest determinant of the out- AMERICAN,January]. Portland model. break's extent.The second most influen- MIDAS collaborators will be study- Our hope is that the ability to realisti- tial factor was the length of the delay in ing the possibility that an H5N1 virus tally model populations and disease out- officials' response,The actual response capable of spreading in humans might breaks can help health officials make dif- strategy chosen made little difference be contained or even eradicated by rap- ficult decisions based on the best possible compared with the time element. id intervention while it is still confined answers to"what if" questions. In the case of a smallpox outbreak, these simulations indicate that mass vac- 1 -f j The actual response chosen cination of the population,which carries " „ - ,,f tr its etivacks,would nw uldbejustaseffec- Q,'' made little difference compared geted vaccination would be just as effec- '�' _ _ tive so long as it was combined with rapid With the time element. detection of the outbreak and rapid re- sponse.Our results also support the im- portance of measures such as quarantine to a small population.To simulate the The creation of models such as and making sure that health officials give appropriate conditions in which the TRANSIMS that simulate human move- enforcement adequate priority during strain would likely emerge among hu- ments through urban environments was highly infectious disease outbreaks. mans,we are constructing a model rep- the computational breakthrough that Of course,appropriate public health resenting a hypothetical Southeast made EpiSims possible,and epiclemiol- responses will always depend on the dis- Asian community of some 500,000 ogy is only one potential application for ease,the types of interventions available people living on farms and in neighbor- this kind of individual-based modeling. and the setting. For example,we have ing small towns.Our model of the influ- We are also in the process of creating and simulated the intentional release of anin- enza virus itself will be based both on linking simulations of other sociotechni- halable form of plague in the city of Chi- historical data about pandemic flu cat systems, including environmental cago to evaluate the costs and effects of strains and information about the and atmospheric pollution,tetecommu- different responses.In those simulations HSNI virus,whose biology is currently nications, transportation, commodity we found that contact tracing,school clo- a subject of intense investigation. markets,water supplies and power grids, sores and city closures each incurredeeo- We know, for example,that HSNI to provide virtual laboratories for ex- nomic losses of billions of dollars but did is sensitive to antiviral drugs that inhib- plating solutions to a wide variety of not afford many health benefits over vol- it one of its important enzymes,called real-world problems. m untary mass use of rapidly available anti- — biotics at a much lower economic cost. Kdlrl1hiif<n►'1J'[rlf Most recently, as part of a research Scalable,Efficient Epidemiological Simulation.Stephen Eubank in Proceedings of the 2002 network organized by the National In- ACM Symposium on Applied Computing,pages 139-145;2002, stitute of General Medical Sciences Six Degrees:The Science of a Connected Age.Duncan J.Watts.W.W.Norton,2004. called the Models of Infectious Disease Containing Pandemic Influenza with Antiviral Agents.Ira M.Longin4 Jr.,et al.inAmencon Journal of Epidemiology,Vol.159,No.?,pages 623-633;April 1,2004. Agent Study (MIDAS), we have been Modelling Disease Outbreaks in Realistic Urban Social Networks.Stephen Eubank et al.in adapting EpiSims to model a naturally Nature,Vol.429,pages 180-184;May 13,2004. occurring disease that may threaten the A sample EpiSims animation and additional data from the Portland smallpox simulations can be entire planet:pandemic influenza. Viewed athttp://episims.lanl.gov wwwsciam.com SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 61 JOHN W. CONNELL 111 ANTIQUE MALL 2500 N. PALM CANYON DR. #13-1 PALM SPRINGS, CALIF. 92262 (760) 202-0215 May 12, 2005 Dear Sir/Madam, Under the California Public Records Act, I hereby request information on all violations and resolutions of sign violations under exhibit one (attached). I have supplied you photo copies of questionable signage and have the actual photos if you so request. Under the threat of being sent to jail for six months or longer I request this information within ten days of the date of this letter. I have phoned Carole Wehrle, Community Preservation Officer to discuss this matter, I have never had the coutesy of having my call returned. Under the freedom of Information Act and because of The City of Palm Springs budget deficit I request to know how much the city was billed by the law offices of Woodruff, Spradlin & Smart of Orange, Ca. on this matter and other signage matters. I would also request that you send your staff to Cathedral City and see how they handle problems when they arise with any business. Being a resident and business owner in Palm Springs for nearly twenty years I think you could save many businesses from going down Valley if your staff learned to work with local businesses instead of threatening them. When I opened my first store in Cathedral City both Mayor Ron Oden and May Pro-Tem Chris Mills asked me "to come back to Palm Springs." It has cost me too much time and aggravation with your city staff to justify doing business in Palm Springs. Unless all signage laws are being enforced fairly and equally,throughout the city, you should revoke your ordinance, or shut down that department whose actions have become a cancer for your business community. PLEASE ADVISE YOUR STAFF TO STAY OFF THE PRIVATE PROPERTY KNOWN AS THE 111 PLAZA OR THE OWNER OF THE COMPLEX WILL TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTIONS. 4JohnW. nnell 111 Antique Mall John W. Connell 2500 N. Palm Canyon Dr Palm Springs, Ca. 92262 (760)202-0215 INTRODUCTION Past Commissioner of Tourism Past Member of the Historical Site Preservation Board Founding Board of Villagefest Operator of the Palm Springs City Store Opened the first downtown Police Sub station Past Board of Director of the Palm Springs Youth Center Fundraiser. Police Atheletic League D.A.R.E Program Police Memorial Palm Springs Dog Park Past columist for The Bottom Line Magazine Past Publisher of the Desert Treasure Magazine First Budget and review committee for the City of Palm Springs Founding member of the Uptown Heritage District Helped draft ordinance for signage and furniture display for heritage district Past member of Mainstreet Former Public Releation Director for the Festival of Lights Parade, raised over$170,000.00 Saved the Tramway Gas station where the present Tourist Information Center is located Partnered with John K. Hall for 28 years Mr. Hall has been written about and featured in over 39 International Magazines Appeared on Martha Stewart Living Television Show A special by Huell Houser for Public Televesion Has been interviewed by nurnerous radio shows Mr. Hall is highly regarded as the founder of the Mid-Century movement in Palm Springs 111 Antique Mall Accomplishments Named one of the five great resale shops in The Western United States in Sunset Magazine (enclosure) Reffered to as The Supermarket of Mid-century Modern Furniture in Travel and Leisure Magazine (enclosure) Filmed by The Travel Channel for showing on nationwide Television in July Major Motion Picture Filmed May1, 2005 at The 111 Antique Mall A311VA Nmoa a3AOW HO a3SO10 S3HOIS -_-- a ..�1 +,dk ...tdn2Ls.�.aL& �§�ulv{� S ...�...u. }p� � �.....• r� +-+� !u 4 f t v 14ry ua ' x m cy >sa,»�s ` r= a�, j��3 1,a x% sa.',✓�aa" a ' *r.,q A-FURRO r;: 3 0000 VIC �u ?ti} t � s - � t } f Gpy f ! d f l m � t c ,st `�r vi L' t t r g� r Y 3 , LY F tlt J 2 d ip M XF a �I l Y - •� ,Il t j;. MAN, oil � � t `Y The fONSe I ;NNT , r 1 R lI rrr 1�1 IS& Qialil Furnishings New&Previously thvned Affordable Prices Dennis&Susie 017N Palm Canyon Ur. 1614 (760)323.1335 PahSPrings,CA 92262 Art deco jewelry and furniture Nice selection of vintage clothing Turn-of-the-century furniture �i Inventory of glass, crystal and china I Quaint collectibles � Unusual primitive pieces M��q Estate jewelry, compacts and evening bags Jomething for everyone Collectible, original, framed labels Engravings, oils and prints Nippon, silver, chandeliers Toys, rare, old and unusual Eclectic, one-of-a-kind gifts, records and books Roseville pottery, a huge selection! A NTIQ ®EJ CENTER 798 North Palm Canyon + Palm Springs, CA On Palm Springs "Antique Row" 760-323-4443 A Collection of 18 Dealers, Specializing in Quality Antiques, For the Discriminating Buyer! i BANDINI IN v In 11 in I Ma a so Xn JOH '%I I'l Sol Collectibles Nall Art Furniture Gourmet Foods Conde Nast Periodicals 895 North Palm Canyon Palm Springs 92262 Phone / Fax 760-323-7805 STRICTLY MODERN r Y fir} � t e� — f�,. r {1 ..0 i� rat Mid-Centuvy Mo,der Des -Anti 'Design Furniture, Li gh i ,g, ',t VVorIC & OL `ects: BI'b_ ride[ Danish! n Miller! loll! -Kidneys! Amoebas! �;o 14`Boomeraan 11, s arbursts! And Much MoreE .w -Arrivals Dail o Historic Nichol's B ' ' J - 891 North Palm Canyon Drive Palm Springs, CA 92262 1 ALSO BUY. CALL JOHN AT (619) 416-8876 N t ONO i Marcel de Claremont Rugv Caller I a Your Major Source For All Your Rug Needs. Hand Made.Antique and New Rugs-Custom Made-Contemporary Traditional Designs-Aubusson—Needle Points-Kilims-Tribal Rugs J — Fro a1 ariety of;Countries — Services R,endered�Ha d Washing;Professional Restoration of All ( 1 �( /, Rugs and Tapestries �� A R cognizd'and Reliable Source for Insurance Companies for Flood and Other Rug-Related Damages 3 ! "You are welcome to review our Large Selection of Unique Bugs." 250 E. Palm Carryon Dr. Palm Springs, GA, 92264 Phone 760-322-7847 toll Free 800-241784 Email: marceirugs@ibm.net , We Sell m Tiede - and Purchase Old RLJGS� ` ; M s " ` rvJ.r x .S...vv. .,..,. ..},.../.}` ..♦ ..YSN:............ ...:vi :.:S:YiF.n,;::ii::iii'rv.:... .S::Y::y ,":.}4.: `,:h::;.;:.,,,5...: vk}. %yy vk:K , , More Shoppliiq I' covered Sofas ' Mental Rugs , Wicker Furnftur Television Armories • �t {• Vroate Mirrors ldVorad hand lade Tables ¢, Unusual Accessories ` :' Used Decorator Books Our. Used Pieces change Daily New 1 1 Stare Hours: ��.•�+ N. Palm Canyon Drive 10-5 Mon.-Sat, Palm $or!ngs i27-471 `I" 11-4 Sundays FULL SERVICE CATERER ^ � 23 years of Quality 6'� a Professional Service � -- r. Color Your Party with �— �, CRAYONS Catering .5 * Delectable and Distinctive 3 Food r Glorious Flowers and f �? Decor P Color Coordinated Rentals Entertainment to Sing and Dance to In Your Home or Business or r' A Fabulous Estate ` Our Motto S "Customer Finst 625 North Paim Canyon Telephone All Ways" mot Palm yw Springs,CA 92262 (760) 778-2511 / 9 8-60 17 I t 11 f # CH Fo Admission rill lt� r � t y �. fir" Itur" •- t. .r ? Off ?0/325-7766 RN'IEAH HHHNH M1 WM OE HEM WHIHN PIM 1 9 3 9 S All I N . .r 9 ✓.-. 1 4y ba•_ i a .. ... ..,.. tie .. ' ' . ' I #1 - We were the (only clothing store listed in the Cond'6 Nast Traveler Special Editiori on Palm Springs,,, 9 - Why we were#a��tu�red in t1�� A TiMhes Travel Section as the only � I cloth's sure to;sfbp.m P ml springs` We;uGs 'votecttll #�. co si °merit store in the valley by the Desert Sun , ti ( \ 77" i y y- ' . • Y! I \4\ \1\ 1\ ry1i q \F VAA� vA1go c t y �613e nw... III R/ r TNe UeflmEive 5nurn©Fpf Ultra 6dnG9tnparary iiamn' 'gyp( N'i9cH F'urMeldngs �' µ' ±?�'• \\1" ,{ 14 I 768 N. Palm Canyon, Palm r The showroom is located in Uptown Palm Springs in the historic Pacific Building on the corner of Tamarisk and N. Palm Canyon i a phone 760.41 6m2l 58 fax 760.416m9475 email LanacyPSCACaol.com www.affordablebankcard.corn/cust/lunacy stopping with Stanton � 1 .ontinued from Page 38 N I G corking on several web pages • )r our advertisers. I deft- � WOMAN itely think The Desert y 'reasure will b in the DESIGNER RESALE FASHIONS arefront for advertising your tore, product and services... iris from a man who couldn't iglle • New • Wo'in Once ven turn on a computer three �' aonths ago. Toga Web �- - %VINTAGE • C 5UA �� EEEGANT services has customized my �., i, �i �r :omputer and they can do the WEDDIIVO '• USE • WESTERN ;ame thing for you. I know I lidn°t get. everything right AT'PRICE YbU WILL LOVE! tbout this new service, but ra a virgin when it comes to Meru.-Sat. 10-5 S . 12-4 ;omputers; so before all of tour computer geeks write or 1150 S. PALM CANYON ` -mail me, be patient; I'll ° Soon be as popular on the PALM SPRINGS Internet as I was on the Next to Pizza Hut ' °golden screen." ABOVE Video Clinic Now let's have some fun. I've coerced the editor into (760) • giving a $100 gift certificate, 778-9910 redeemable at any one of our • ` ' advertiser's stores, to the first • person who a-mails us at ® - www.deserttreasure.com • . ® • • after 12 a.m. on August 15. , Join The Desert Treasure • -.. as we cover the world. ® - Contact us for advertising and subscription rates by calling JOE CAVANAUGH (760) 340-3477 our office (the old-fashioned way) at (760) 327-6972, faxing to (760) 327-7161, or e-mailing at: C_OIL1L l2YYLEYL� ( Ei2��"t www.deserttreasure.com (Yesterday, Palm Springs... �Ef° O2 (j. 91E lean e Sold,,tomorrow, the world! • FURNITURE • HOUSEHOLD GOODS That's all for now. Until ° ACCESSORIES ° LIGHT FIXTURES ' next month, stay cool and keep safe and happy! LM7:4-4�55 HIGHWAVi t 9 1 , PALTA DFSE RT, CA 92260 57 I 3;I FURNITURE BVUNDERS in PALM SPRINGS Blunderfiul Savings ®f 0 - 80% FACTORY CLOSEOUTS e � � ' • CUSTOMER CANCELLATIONS DESIGNER GOOFS_ ' DISCONTINUED ITEMS, • OVERRUNS • ONE—OF-A—KIND MERCHANDISE We'featum nationally known and Quality Designer Merchandise only ... all at a FRACTION of its original selling price MAJOR CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED • FINANCING AVAILABLE FURNITURE 0. =7T-P-alm Springs Wross the street from the - • Motors) 1 . . 1 • • ' _ I Monopoly no one can hear you scream. Continued from Page 30 Status Thimbles What is more appropriate in this age than Monopoly's original tokens in 1934 were:flat iro Monopoly on computer. It isn't the same, playing cannon, pocketbook, lantern, race car, thimble (wi, Monopoly without the rattle of dice against the board, "For a Good Girl" engraved on it, which was lat, the feel of curled currency in hand. Still, if Monopoly dropped as we entered a more politically-coore, must join the 21 st century transformed into a video time), baby shoe, top hat, racehorse and battleshi( game,this isn't a.bad way to go. The hotels, incidentally, were originally made Your computer acts as banker and automatically wood and had "Grand Hotel" written on each. calculates the rent,mortgages and taxes. One to eight A new game token is on the horizon for Monopol players can play against each other and/or against players.The last new token was introduced in 1943.1 computer-generated opponents.The graphics are quite was Scotty the Scottish terrier.But this time,the intro good and you even get a musical score as you play. duction will be a little more high tech. There are thre Unfortunately, the cybernetic players don't em- new token candidates: a sack of money, a piggy bang bezzle, cheat, sulk, taunt, gloat, bicker, try to take and a bi-plane. The public is invited to choose frou advantage of younger players,throw tantrums, "acci- these three pieces by going on-line a dentally" knock over the board, or otherwise act like www.nionopoly.com to vote for their favorite toke[ real players, thereby ruining a lot of the fun of the before October 1.The winner will ship in now Mono, game. poly games starting early next year. Or try Star Wars Monopoly. If you think it was Perhaps one of the,quintessential board games, its hard to play the game on earth, try it in a galaxy far, popularity continues from generation to generation, far away. And remember, if you are losing, in space As for me,when I played,I liked to be the"top hat.". ;��`✓;�i, � �,;y Fine Used & Collectible Books We specialize in out-of-print hoofs, N!' , Yl; e i�.,; ��, ! including signed and rare editions. , F�on * Literature 14),,Cinema ■ Art 0 War & Military s Gardening * Photography m Metaphysical F; 555 S. Sunrise Way #105 BRAD CONFER Palm Springs, CA 92264 Proprietor (Corner of Sunrise and Ramon) ('760) 325-3862 WE BUY& SELL! 50 i .......................... .......... 0 17F1 IN"7 Ad 41i'i 60 JW w jo V Z vs 111!'V_"-'.. 14 (tI,i4;4 FBI; vet F riep 41""hA"k At The I)escit's: Finest Consigni-ricnt Store Mexican Ait o' Pol tery , k, Furniturd, ....... Special Consideration to the Trade Open 7 days a week ■ 9 ant to 5 pn't or by appointment 74-214 Hwy. III at Cabrillo, Across from L G's Prime Steakhouse Telephone (760�779-0656 Palm Desert, CA Fax (760) 837-3991 Pickup/Delivery ProfessionaLMoving Availajbte R p 01 i�%httw Susan & Dan Horn e orn, Ty, Framemakers - Conservators Rem e Yew Varnish from Paintings (760) 320-5028 Custom Framing 465 N. Palm Canyon Drive Archival-Conservation Framing Palm Springs, CA 92262 fg, 40 X, ol'i ;P1 Z +� •{ o f UT 4- rww.sunset.com DL KEYWORD: SUNSET t4 99US $6.5 C AN 09 72440 1 TMVEL I THINGS TO DO IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA f VI Q N.a ti. J.f i Delicious secret Santa Barbara locals know where to go for good food Just two quiet blocks away from Santa Bar- bara's State Street,locals are flocking to a clus- ter of shops with superb fare from dawn to dark. Start the day at Our Daily Bread ($;closed Sun; vest 831 Santa Barbara St.;8051966-3894).Every- Chee:e thing is made in-house,from a range of loaves - (try the kosher challah) to sal - Dine Dine al day' 1� Y ads and soups.Across the t Santa Barbara's ' l street,an 1890s brick building foodie enclave ex- . d fro holds Pan no ($, 834 Santa foods mCano n j Perdido St.down San- Barbara St.;8051963-3700), {' to Barbara St.www. offering prime sandwiches santaborburaca.com ` or 805/966-9222. like the Number 10—grilled Chicken and dried tomato i At C'esL Cheese (closed Mon;825 Santa Bar- bara St.;8051965-0318),proprietors Kathryn Byrnes and Michael Graham will cut to order more than 80 cheeses from a dozen countries " For evening buzz,there's Dish ($$$;138 E. -, Canon Perdido St.;8 0 519 6 6-5 3 65),where imiova °.�• j i ' five dim sum and main dishes like kung pao 7 fJJ beef short ribs fit the bill.—JOAN TAPPER 1 FIVE GREAT... ( ' Upscale resale shops BURBANK CATP36DRAt CITY RANCHO SAWTA BE SAHTA BARBARA SAti tt, iF k i It's a Wrap! 1 i 1 Antique The Country The Rack and The The shop offers Mail. Brightly col- Friends Shop. the Treasure Galles clothing and jewelry ored midcentury house II Raising funds far HanSe. Located at i; Ii i direct from the sets modern art and fur- local social agencies, and benefiting stu- Station 1_4 of television and nishings—much of the San Diego County dents at the Music and fur FFFmovie productions,at it acquired from store sells furniture, Academy of the West, efit the 35-95 percent off well-off Palm Springs china,silver,and these adjacent cou- stitute retail prices.The residents who have Closed crystal.nt bargain- ho clothing andu stairs showroom redecorafed ar then oP basement prices home-furnishings f features high-end peen r on—have Thu,ar here,but the inven- shops exemplify old- designer fashions. been refurbished to Cory is in excellent money chic, 1070 each g3315 W.Magnolia mint condition.68- MichiyBlvd.;818/567-7366. 401 E.Palm Con on condition.Closed Fairway Rd.; d 80in A; Dr.;760/202-0215. Sun. 56-1 El Tordo; 969-1744 and 805/ ginprife ad,Jy111,rsm[, - t ' 858/756-1192. 969-1744. —WEI'nlry fmmadepluymf mrbdu , Do nrl luue rear;erdlaunlg rhdc 1 . " '---'- - 38 SUNSET SEPTEMBER 2004 —t I A V U R FE'BRU'A,RY , 2O;b" 5 ISN 'T IT ROMANTIC? 0 DREAM R Ps is r r c Paris, Mexico - e { v Ireland,Argentina . VI am pain, "� � y■�7 a�Md R ,, mo►� 7 w �.i k- tFt f✓.ktKr 66 r f r v; f. 1 2_FiJ a_ �Z) it 'aol keyw 91 59 5rn"o81r Sur r a At Norma's,one of the hotel's two restaurants,breakfast is the most important meal _ of the day—and,in the case of the caramelized chocolate banana waffle napoleon,also (Continued from page 141) the most important dessert.I'm sitting there with Adler while he describes his vision, ART TROUVt which rejects mid-century formulas and high-concept design."Boutique hotels focus on "There are miles of theatricality.Usually guests are wowed at first and then,during the course of their stay, mal is witls consignment their appreciation of it decreases.I was hoping to create the opposite trajectory,where stores,but the Estate you become more engaged and see the different textures." Sale[4185 E.Palm Adler's approach embraces a world of influences.In the ambitious rooms,there are •?': -?' Canyon Dr.;7601321- Peruvian weavings,an Edwardian chair in which you can curl up and read a Jacqueline 76281 has a great Susnnn title(thoughtfully provided on a side table),and a minimalist canopy bed inspired art section.On a good day,you can find by the artist Sol Lewitt.Sipping his iced tea,Adler arranges,rearranges,and then re- a needlepoint portrait rearranges a pair of Danish Modern—style,bird-shaped ceramic salt and pepper shakers of Liza Minnelli.I did he made specifically for the hotel. "I can't decide which way they look cutest,"he says, not putthat in the feigning exasperation.Don't believe him.From the lobby,decorated with suits of armor Parker.I tool:it home." and wire-based Warren Plainer chairs,to the Moroccan-inspired"hookah chill-out zone," MALL WITH IT ALL everything in the Parker is just so.Adler walks me through what will soon be a new + "9 love all the vintage shops atihapalm restaurant and bar,Mr.Parker's."Its a clubby little lair for Mr.Parker but with lurid psy- �au Canyon Gallesia[457 chedeha,because he's a little dissolute,as if Mick Jagger had bought a castle in seventy- N.Palm Canyon Dr.; two."The hotel features many pieces of the pottery that made Adler a household design 7601323-4576],but name;he also created the ceramic frieze that hangs below the concierge desk and reads Patrickand James EAT DRINK AND BE MERRY FOR TOMORROW YOU SHALL CHECK OUT. at Bon Vivant have the It would be tempting to hang around,but it is First Friday,the one night of the month _ best eye and a sort when the stores on North Palm Canyon Drive stay open late.I drop in at an opening at `of missionary zeal to get things into the right Modern Tribal,Palm Springs'first African art galleryThe curator,Bob Weis,and his part- people's hands at net,Larry Lazzaro,are former East Village residents who have lived here since 1998."When reasonable prices.My we first moved here,there were mid-century houses boarded up with plywood,"Weis own personal passion says. "Now Palm Springs has lost some of that Twilight Zone feel,as more and more m- is the pieces they get ban transplants wearing list-century fashion replace the oldsters who still sport golf pants. by Danish ceramist Bjoern VViinbladd,but Every now and then the two worlds collide.Thais when the fun usually begins." they also have an Over the years,the duo has met artists and writers here,building a circle of comrades incredible collection of who hope to transform Palm Springs, as Weis puts it, "from a cufmral backwater to a major California crafts" creative center."Among the friends and patrons at their gallery are a couple who worked _ for tie British pop singer Eric Burden t, in z003 and lived in the mountains north of town,and a pair of elegant 1 sisters who share a tastefully decorated M " ' a double-wide in a 55-and-over adult r=: community. "We just threw a trailer- i trash party," they mirthfully chirp. " At the opening there is wine and t r �v, .-a � r ,.ztn+��✓� cheese,for which I am thankful,be- , cause the food in Palm Springs is not for the faint of heart or high of cho- ` lesterol.When in Rome, I would s eat risotto.Here, the closest approxi- mation to native grub is country-club tit cuisine.At Spencers,I enjoy a Maine- lobster club sandwich and watch , 6 ,sa ` members playing at the adjacent ten- lw nis club,hoping to burn the calories by - _ -- 0.�. .'. transference.I (Continued on page 186) AN OASIS OF CNIC IN PALM SPRINGS Above left:Mid-centuryweb chairs and George Nelson bubble lamps hang on thewall at 111 Antique Mall.Above right:Norma's fast food-style dried orange slices,the perfect morning snack,on a crewel place mat created by Jonathan Adler.Opposite: 1} Bythe pool at Le Parker Meridian,a classic striped umbrella with tassels,table,and chaise longue,all custom-designed by Adler. j 142 f r" P A L cCity of Palm Sprlra. 0- S City Attorney i00 T h(ji,.,_t.ineon q'n} • Palm Spn nge,Cal dumie J;^t,? TEL (760)3)�,S21 I • rDD 06u,F64.952; _ woe March 7, 2005 L�( iMr. John W. Connell Certified Mail ^S°e,j+ J/OrMm //wiL 111 Antique Mall Return Receipt Requested 2500 N. Palm Canyon Drive Suite B-1 Palm Springs, Ca. 92262 Re: Violations of Palm Sprinqs Municipal Code at 2500 N. Palm Canyon Drive, #B-1 Dear Mr. Connell; This Office serves as City Attorney for the City of Palm Springs. The matter involving violations of the Palm Springs Municipal Code ("PSMC") at the above address has been referred to the undersigned. Specifically, you are in violation of PSMC Section 91.12.00 (C-1 Retail Business Zone); Section 93.20.04 (Prohibited Signs); and Section 93,20.05 (Permitted Signs). Copies of these Code Sections are enclosed for your reference. tF� A review of the file indicates that you were issued a Corrections �e�� Notice on Decem r 27, 200 , and an official Notice of Violation on anuary 28 2005 by Community Preservation Officer Carol Wehrle for the followin U dt AE a�S violations: o yv YM/6 5 1. A banner has been placed with your business name without f obtaining a permit and approval. The banner must be removed. 2. There are free-standing signs with your business name placed within the grass area at each driveway entrance. These signs are prohibited and must be removed. 3. There are two (2) business signs affixed on your front windows. Signage on windows is prohibited. You must remove both of these signs. 4. Merchandise (furniture, etc.) has been placed outside of the building within the sidewalk area. This is prohibited, as this location is not zoned for this. You must cease and desist displaying merchandise outside. i Post Office Box 27 43 • Palm Springs, California 92263-27'13 rage Iwo March 7, 2005 These issues are serious and must be addressed immediately. As the City has made every effort to gain your cooperation and you have failed to comply, this matter has been referred to our office as a last attempt to remedy the violations short of pursuing criminal sanctions. Criminal violations of the Palm Springs Municipal Code are misdemeanors, which are punishable with a fine of up to $1,000 and/or six months in jail for each violation, or both. Each day the violation continues, is p' unisha6le as a separate offense. Please correct these violations within ten (10) days of the date of this letter, and contact Carol Wehrle at (760) 322-8364, Extension 8717 so that she may c firm your compliance. If the violations have not been corrected within teays of the date of this letter, our Office will have no alternative at f proceed with the filing of a criminal complaint. We look forward to your cooperation in this matter, and hope criminal prosecution will not be necessary. Very truly yours, DOUGLAS C. HOLLAND CITY ATTORNEY BY (� �`�" l_il�w SUSAN AU PRICE SAP,pj Enclosures cc: City of Palm Springs, Attn.: Carol Wehrle, Community Preservation Officer City of Palm Springs, Attn.: Douglas C. Holland, City Attorney CLK Property LAW OFFICES OF WOODRUFF, SPRADLIN & SMART A PNOFESSIORAL CORPORATION 701 SOUTH PARKER STREET,SUITE 8000 ORANGE.CA 92868-4760 Mr. John W. Connell 111 Antique Mall 2500 N. Palm Canyon Drive Suite B-1 Palm Springs, Ca. 92262 f' _... !' ',`' rfr CFI,. pPtMs. City of Palm Springs N� �Ac Depa![ment of Building and Safety ^!`- `t i'��r<j Community Preservation" P O.Box 2743 �4ttFoaasP Palm Springs,Cahfo!nia 92263-2743 111 Antique Mall John W. Connell 2500 No. Palm Canyon Dr., B-1 Palm Springs, CA 92262 !3 tt i IS E I I E 1 III I E I E E f 3225 G�13F? 74 ^` City of Palm Springs 2 a }�N Depnremcnr of Budding and Safety Community Preservation d_ V' P O Box 2743 �ttroxM�c Palm Sp!ings,Califorma 92263-2743 '�, ^• Cs .j '-' iNL t=:h' , 7004 1160 0003 2441 2315 111 Antique Mall John W. Connell 2500 No. Palm Canyon Dr., B-1 Palm Springs, CA 92262 'Z62+ 8�5- 4 iLl:a!I!L i!i!ii::t!LL !IiftJ! ii::L:a!!Li!!!li i!!11 7 p7w,_C t � Ott ; f G H Y�l •4k. ��`+c�..;,v�Ux yak - ��y� +ir.p- •� •� �'t rye . dlRtl 9#20 F. "3f ut y A % 7 s J +r lriLY x'�s+'S�i+ „E r: q yirt � Aid.. t x. 4j d' F4,J,lf ha✓�'r��tl '4{�"�d A .' Y. Y 3 RENT�A�Mau � 1fl041499�5151 04 4: Y ' •». pALM sPRINGs_= r } 9 t K. n J i})hY tT xi 10, r .n .nti_t. ks'r.�f�M'k ;�l.yr -_ f u �:•.. k t _ e .. Y tti a � r s fi u ` ar -44 �� r t,. m , 5 a f � 1 " r r f ' .=NA✓�Ea4xa(humeAlavra to Y"b• A � Yxi c4 V I, at • 7 2f � ��5 �✓.�r, ATE �y soLo £ *L 'qa . .sx C olt4�tr•arc�tir�r� { � . ny `I �'tr:rtrrca�i ��!fi � 'DIAL CAPITAL BA1V�{ C6sr.4 ANrFs , C. '�9?(Zb Frojectctor:itgruag R,hiinrr CrurrnCbE efe,•t atert Reso[[rcel; Inca (18)N89 Ipt! Summer 24CI4 war Self Sferage, & ROM St©ragie 50,060, Call Now' For Your Pre Construction 'S ` avmg .; �b 4 Y RENtqFEN�Ej � G +apo�as9,5�sr� ` J i rxe,aas eying i . . ' wl t gFF{pE FURNITURE pRI1tTPR SUPPLIES °. '. FedEx NOTARY �ha P�UBLIG ri. ... 78 r, �"✓LY 4 /d #. 5 I� � kf AI, v nr / i � M 1 1 C :a d �P<✓�v tFffs.: :. r�;kr f ss:ra d e�. �w x. u , -f�.0 ....sa'.�d„ n. r.�uf d qCR! ^F �35°Y.fw. •ui 4wi3As+ . '✓Y'F6RN.ieffu'.$x. .i,.-' %h:...c �.,:�� .'ar '-.i{ _... ...,i...-vr.. ..,_ i } 4 4 �y rtt+x�wi . nw. a l i pirii ,,d Enrichrnen#enter