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CITY OF PALM SPRINGS
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY SUMMARY
` The City of Palm Springs (City)
has prepared a greenhouse
gas (GHG) emission inventory
as an initial step in meeting its
MI "Path to Sustainable
J Communities" objectives.
GHGs are estimated for
ciry LIMOS
community and government
141 sources.
Figure 1 illustrates community GHG emissions. The emissions
within each sector vary slightly over time. The greatest source of
community emissions is from motor vehicles and trucks traveling on
roads within the City. Residential and non-residential energy are
also large contributors. The energy sector consists of emissions
from power plants that generate the electricity used in the City and
the combustion of natural gas in the City. Ozone depleting
substance substitutes are refrigerant leakages from air conditioning
units and refrigerators, which are anticipated to increase to 8
percent of the emissions by 2020.
Figure 1: Community GHG Emissions
1,000,000 p q'IIIIIIIIpII'II4'IIIIPII
0
VII; Ozone depleting substanc
800,000 p IIIIIII 611II'lllll substitutes
NN II.I II V IIII I I�
l.. 13 Water'wastewater0 1 II 600,000 l uhll I,I 9Itlllp
y IIIIII Ik o Waste
I I IIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIiillllll
° 000 a00, gull ■Energy(non-residential)
N pp
■Energy(residential)
200,000 Vllllld Utl9il9
611i9 ■Motor vehicles
0
1990 20
00 2005 2008 II12012 2020 2035
Figure 2 depicts community emissions in 2008. In 2008, estimated
emissions in California were 477.7 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalents (MMTCO2e); community emissions in the City
were about 0.57 MMTCO2e, 0.1 percent of California's emissions.
In 2020, business-as-usual emissions in California are estimated to
be 596.4 MMTCO2e; community business-as-usual emissions in the
City are estimated to be about 0.71 MMTCO2e, 0.1 percent of
California's emissions. In 2008, the population in Palm Springs was
approximately 0.1 percent of the State's population.
Figure 2: 2008 Community GHG Emissions
Ozone depleting
Water,waslewater substance
5�0 substitutes
3%
W aste
2%
Energy Motor veticles
(non-residential)' 39%
23%
Energy(residental)
28%
Figure 3 charts the government emissions over time. Government
sources refer to emissions within the City government's control.
The greatest source of government emissions is the wastewater
treatment plant's methane emissions. The second greatest source of
emissions is from the co-generation plants' natural gas usage.
Figure 3: Government GHG Emissions
40 000 III 'u
w
a 30 000 Illllllllllllillllillliilll'i
O ■Former Palm Springs Landfill
V hll 11 II II
F r a I,l.il, IV i,
f I hl 0 Employee commute
u 20000 Cl 0 Electricity
° ■City fleettfuel use
w ■Co-generation plants
w 10,000 ■Wastewater treatment plant
0
1990 2000 2005 2008 2012 2020 11III2035
i
Assembly Bill (AB) 32, the California Global Warming SolutionsAct
of 2006, created a program to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels
by the year 2020. The compliance scenario takes into account GHG
reductions from adherence of State regulations adopted under the
authority of AB 32. These regulations would reduce community
emissions by approximately 19 percent and government emissions
by 4 percent.
Figure 4 shows the community GHG emissions over time. The
percent decrease needed in 2020 to reach 1990 emission levels
would be approximately 1.4 percent. In 2035, emissions would need
to be reduced by 16.7 percent to meet 1990 emission level.
Figure 4: Community GHG Emissions Growth
600,000
N
O
U
F
c 600,000 }
O -
.y
E
W
400,000 --
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Business as Usual- - Compliance 1996 Emissions
If you have any questions, please contact:
,Ms Michele Mician, City of Palm Springs
Office of Sustainability Manager
3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, California, 92263
Cq<iPo0.HOP email: Michele.Mician@palmsprings-ca.gov
phone: 760.323.8214
Prepared by:
Michael Brandman Associates
l , 340 S. Farrell Drive, Suite A210, Palm Springs, California, 92262
M1Lrhacl Ilraiuim.m Axxncinms phone: 760.322.8847
Prepared on October 29,2010
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CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
November 3, 2010 Consent Calendar
Subject: Update on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
FROM: David H. Ready, City Manager
BY: Michele Mician, Manager, Office of Sustainability
SUMMARY:
The City of Palm Springs contracted with Michael Brandman and Associates to
complete a greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) Inventory and forecasting report. This
presentation provides the .results of the inventory for government and community
sectors.
RECOMMENDATION:
Receive and file.
STAFF ANALYSIS:
The Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory and report for both the community
and government operations has been completed as specified in common climate action
protocol. The completion of this project will assist staff to comply with State and National
climate change legislation. It will also be utilized for the completion of an Energy and
Climate Action Plan (ECAP) for the City of Palm Springs. The public presentation of the
community and City of Palm Spring's government operations impact on GHG emissions
will be presented on November 4, 2010 at 6 pm at the 3rd Annual Sustainability Summit.
During this presentation the public will play a role in the City's energy and climate action
planning by voting on specific actions they are willing to take to reduce their
environmental impact.
The presentation of data and subsequent collection of data via public input will provide
information needed to complete a comprehensive Energy and Climate Action Plan
(ECAP) for the City of Palm Springs to be completed by Spring 2012. Data collection
will continue for several months after the event. The goal is for the residents in
attendance to serve to promote the completion of the survey to others to provide
significantly greater survey results over time. The GHG inventory of community-scale
and local government operations provides the framework for decisions made in areas
such as transportation, waste and land use.
ITEM NO.�—
City Council Staff Report
November 3,2010
Update on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Forecasting models will be presented and are included as part of the final report. This
will ensure the City carries out the mission of the Palm Springs Path to a Sustainable
Community in years to come and to ensure compliance with or aid in the
implementation of existing climate agreements and legislation including the U.S.
Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement and CA Assembly Bill 32: Global Warming
Solutions Act.
The Coachella Valley Association of Government's received significant funding from
Southern California Edison (SCE) to implement the California Energy Efficiency
Strategic Plan (CEESP). The proposed projects to be funded include Energy Action
Plans and Climate Action Plans. As a member of the Desert Cities Partnership the City
of Palm Springs is eligible to receive funding through this process to complete the plans.
Specifically to complete the CEESP Strategic Plan Goal 4: Local governments lead their
communities with innovative programs for energy efficiency, sustainability and climate
change.
FISCAL IMPACT:
None. A contract for this project was previously approved by City Council on July 21,
2010 and awarded to Michael Brandman and Associates. The inventory was funded
through a budget allocation under account 138-1270-43200.
-LL,
Michele Mician, Manager, Thomas J. W' on
Office of Sustainability Assistant City Manager
David H. Ready, ger
Attachments: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Administrative Draft
r3
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFT
Greenhouse Gas Inventory
City of Palm Springs, California
Prepared for:
ALM rA
no.<
C 44OR�"�a
City of Palm Springs
3200 East 7ahquitz Canyon Way
Palm Springs, CA 92262
760-323-8299
Contact: Michele Catherine Mician, MS
Manager, Office of Sustainability
Prepared by:
Michael Brandman Associates
340 S. Farrell Drive, Suite A210
Palm Springs, CA 92262
Contact: Frank Coyle, REA
Author: Cori Wilson
Project Number: 02270004
Mid"aO It;and:,:an Asornn:c;
October 26,2010
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4
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory *able of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1: Executive Summary..........................................................................................1
Section 2: Introduction.......................................................................................................3
2.1 - Purpose of the Inventory....................... .............................. ................3
2.2-About the Inventory........................... ........................... ........................4
2.3-City of Palm Springs........................................ ............................... .5
2.4-Climate Change Background............... ............................. ....................9
ClimateChange................... ....................................................................9
Greenhouse Gases..................................... 11
California Regulatory Context......... ................................ ..............14
Section 3: Government Inventory....................................................................................17
3.1 - Methodology........ ............................................................... .........17
Scope 1 Emissions..................... .......................... .....................17
Scope 2 Emissions................. ........................ ... .........................19
Scope3 Emissions................. ............................................................20
3.2- Results.................... . ..................... • ............................ .........20
Section 4: Community Inventory.....................................................................................25
4.1 - Methodology................ ........................ ............................... .........25
42- Results........ .......................... ...................... .............................28
Section 5: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms.................................................................35
Section6: References.......................................................................................................37
6.1 -Acknowledgments..... . ....................... • ................................ • ..........37
6.2- References in Text............................. .............................I ..................37
6.3- Figure References......................... •............................ ..........................39
6.4- Photograph References....... ........................ .............................. 40
6.5- Exhibit References .....................I. . ...........................I.. .....................40
Appendix A: Spreadsheets and Model Output
Appendix B: Southern California Edison Reports
Appendix C: Southern California Association of Governments Letter
Michael Brandman Associates
t,..
Introduction
City of Palm BPrings Greenhouse Gas Inventory
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.....................
Table 2: City of Palm Springs Profile......................... .. ......................................... . _. ............. .
Table 3: Global Warming Potentials........................................... 12
................................
Table 4: Scoping Plan Reductions in California ......................
Table 5: Scoping Plan Percent Reductions in California...............
Table 6: Government Historical Inventory and Future Business as Usual Inventory............20
Table 7: Government Compliance Inventory....................
Table 8: Community Historical and Future Business as Usual Inventory.............................31
Table 9: Community Future Year Compliance Inventory..................
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1: Inventory Growth ...................... .. ...........................................................................
Figure 2: City of Palm Springs Population and Housing Trends..................... .
Figure 3: The Greenhouse Effect..... 11
.................
. ..........
Figure 4: Global Atmospheric Concentration of COZ....................... .
. ............ 12
Figure 5: United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends...................... .
Figure 6: California Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2008........................
Figure 7. Government Historical and Future Year Business as Usual Inventory.................21
Figure 8: Comparison of Municipal Parks Electricity Use.............................
Figure 9: Government Inventory Growth....................................
Figure 10: Community Historical and Future Business as Usual Inventory..........................28
Figure 11:2035 Community Business as Usual Emissions................................
Figure 12: Community Inventory Growth..................
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1: Regional Location Map.........................
........................
............................................ .
Exhibit 2: Community Business as Usual Emissions...........................................................
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Michael Bran dman Associates
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
—.—. — ———————— ———— — — —— Executive summary
SECTION 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The City of Palm Springs(City)has prepared a greenhouse gas(GHG)emission inventory
as an initial step in meeting its Path to Sustainable Communities objectives. GHGs were
estimated for community and government sources. Community emissions refer to
emissions within the City from sources such as motor vehicles traveling on roads within the
City, emissions from power plants to generate the electricity used within the City,and
emissions from the combustion of natural gas used within the City. Government emissions
refer to emissions within the City government's control, such as methane from the
wastewater treatment plant, natural gas from the City's co-generation plants, and from City
vehicle fuel combustion. The government emissions are included in the community
emissions. Table 1 and Figure 1 display a summary of the GHG emissions.
Table 1:Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Type
Emisttlona(MTCO2e per year)
Category '
1990 2000 , 2005 2008 2tl12 2020 2035,
Community BAU 565,814 540,400 591,892 572,497 626,405 707,197 843,231
Compliance
— 573,760 678,863
Government BAU 26,812 29,900 30,592 31,227 31,739 33,235 36,096
Compliance
Notes:
— 31,920 34,664
BAU=business as usual;MTCQze=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents(greenhouse gas emissions)
Note that only compliance scenarios for 2020 and 2035 are provided.
Source: Michael Brandman Associates(Appendix A).
Figure 1:Inventory Growth
900,000
........... ...........
` 750,000600,000
O
450,000 I Community BAU ll
Community Compliancell
ll4 .300000 L y ._•Government BAU _
W 150,000
0 — _.--_-— _ _
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Michael Brandman Associates
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City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Introduction
SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION
2.1 M Purpose of the Inventory
This inventory serves the following purposes:
• It identifies sectors that would provide the
greatest opportunity for reductions. i
• In the future,the City may prepare a Climate
Action Plan;the greenhouse gas(GHG)
inventory would be part of that Climate Action
Plan. Climate Action Plans typically contain
reduction targets and describe how strategies Palm Trees in the City of Palm Springs
and policies within the Climate Action Plan will meet the reduction target.
• This inventory fulfills Objective 1.1 in the Palm Springs Path to a Sustainable
Community, a document prepared by the City in 2009. A summary of the vision of the
document as well as the three climate change objectives is presented below.
......... ........
The Palm Springs Path to a Sustainable Community
March 25, 2009
i
Vision
Palm Springs is a thriving community that maximizes its renewable resources and conserves and restores its
limited resources,so that residents can be assured of a future that is economically viable and in balance with iI
the local environment.
Palm Springs aspires to be a place where:
• Citizens are engaged and share a vision of a sustainable future.
• Businesses support clean technology,the production of renewable energy and the internationally
renowned eco-destination thrives.
• Children learn that sustainability is the local culture early,and this leaming continues throughout life. i
Water and materials are recycled and reused,,
Homes,businesses and neighborhoods are built to high green building standards.
( Local businesses are supported and new ideas flourish.
Climate Change
Goal: balm Springs is carbon neutral.
Objective 1: Establish a baseline inventory and forecast,ongoing tracking and reporting
mechanism for ONG emissions.
1. Develop a comprehensive GHG emissions inventory for City government and the City of Palm
Springs geographic area in partnership with other area governments.
2. Annually inventory and report GHG emissions so that reductions can be tracked in a
transparent,consistent and accurate manner.
i
Michael Brandman Associates 3
Introduction City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
.. .........
...............
Objective 2: Develop strategies to reduce contributions to GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020
and carbon neutrality by 2030.
1. Develop a local climate change action plan to reduce GHGs for Palm Springs.
2. Retrofit and install Light-Emitting Diode(LED)energy efficient lighting in all of the City's traffic
lights.
3. Improve city-wide traffic signalization,including permission left turn lanes.
A. Lead a valley-wide effort to improve traffic signalization and incorporate permission left turn lanes
throughout the Coachella Valley.
5. Review current zoning and building codes to minimize the impact of GHG.
6. Participate in the development and implementation of regional strategies to meet the requirements
of AB 32.
7. Establish incentives and disincentives to reduce production of GHGs by sectors in the City(such
as energy production,transportation and real estate residential,commercial,and industrial).
8. Participate in a regional carbon offset program,carbon trading or"cap and trade"system to captur
funding for local/regional actions to reduce contributions to GHGs.
Objective 3:Pursue energy efficient transportation options that reduce GHG emissions.
1. Reduce employee vehicle miles traveled in city vehicles by promoting teleconferences and the
availability of alternative transportation options for business and trips.
2. Encourage telecommuting and flexible hours policies to avoid at least one commuting day per
month per employee(average).
3. Work with the building industry to reduce vehicle trips to and from construction sites.
2.2-About the Inventory
The City of Palm Springs GHG inventory contains GHG emissions from the municipal
government and the community. Emissions are reported as a quantity overtime, such as in
tons per year. This inventory does not report concentrations of pollutants in the air,which is
a measure of the total amount of a pollutant,typically measured in parts per million, parts
per billion,or micrograms per cubic meter(pg/m3)of air.
This inventory only estimates GHGs and does not contain an estimate of criteria air
pollutants(ozone, particulate matter,carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,sulfur dioxide, and
lead), nor does it contain an inventory of toxic air pollutants(diesel particulate matter,
benzene, etc.).
The inventory incorporates two entities: the community and the municipal government. The
community emissions refer to emissions within the City, such as emissions from motor
vehicle use and from generating electricity to power buildings within the City. The municipal
government inventory consists of emissions within the control of the government, such as
electricity to power City Hall and City fleet vehicle emissions.
The inventory estimates emissions for the years 1990,2000, 2005, and 2008. The year
1990 was selected to be consistent with Climate Change Objective 2 in the Palm Springs
Path to a Sustainable Community. The year 2000 was selected because data was available.
The year 2005 was selected because it was prior to the adoption of Assembly Bill(AB)32;
4 Michael Brandman associates
�S
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Introduction
thus, reductions from regulations pertaining to AB 32 11411,10,11
are not shown. Year 2008 was selected because it is
oo
the most recent year for which data is available. C
Emissions for 2012, 2020, and 2035 were projected for
two scenarios: compliance and business as usual. '
The compliance scenario incorporates planned , p
regulations that will go into effect by 2012 and 2020,
such as the Pavley regulations,which will reduce
emissions from new motor vehicles. Business as usual
c
refers to the emissions that do not take into account
regulations or any measures of which the City is
planning to reduce emissions.
GHG inventories consider a wide range of human N
activities. Estimating the amount of GHGs generated
Palm Springs and the San Jacinto Mountains
by these activities requires using a multiplicity of data
sources and a diverse set of methodologies. Emission inventories are by nature the
reflection of the best available data and the most applicable methods at the time of their
compilation. As data grows and understanding develops,the inventories can be updated
and improved. Emissions calculated for this inventory reflect current best estimates; in
some cases, however, estimates are based on assumptions and incomplete data.
Therefore, this inventory contains uncertainties.
Emissions inventories are organized by source categories or sectors. The State of
California organizes its emission inventory by the following sectors:
• Agriculture • High global warming potential gases
• Commercial and residential • Recycling and waste
• Electricity • Transportation
• Industry
This inventory provides emission estimates for all of the sectors except for agriculture and
industry. Palm Springs has limited agriculture and industrial sources,and the emissions
from energy use(electricity and natural gas)from industrial sources are included in the
commercial sector.
2.3-d!ty of P01m Springs
The City lies within the Coachella Valley desert region at the base of the San Jacinto and
Santa Rosa Mountains, approximately 60 miles east of Riverside. The expansive desert
terrain contributes to the City's warm climate;the mountains provide a dramatic visual
Michael Brandman Associates
5
Mtroductipn
_. City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas lnvento
—. —. _ _ ,y
backdrop and shelter from the winds. Its proximity to metropolitan Los Angeles, Orange,
and San Diego counties, combined with the City's superior physical setting, is a primary
reason that Palm Springs has become a popular resort destination.
The City's incorporated area encompasses 60,440 acres, or 95 square miles;the City's
sphere of influence comprises another 27,160 acres, or 42 square miles. Primary access to
the City is provided by Interstate 10 and Highway 111; north—south access to the City is
provided via Indian Canyon Drive and Gene Autry Trail(Exhibit 1).
As recommended in the Local Government Operations Protocol, Table 2 presents a profile
summary for the City of Palm Springs.
Table 2:City of Palm Springs Profile
Item Data
Jurisdiction name
City of Palm Springs
Street address City for
( Y Hall) 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way
City,State,Zip Palm Springs,California 92262
County
Riverside
Website http://ci.palm-springs.ca.us/
Size ....
...... ............
95 square miles
Population' 2009: 47,601
Annual bud etz
g Total2010-2011: $146,473,415
Employees(full time equivalent) 2010: 390
Climate zone"
15
Annual heating degree days' Base 65: 1000;Base 60: 475
Annual cooling degree days° Base 55: 6715.Base 60: 5196
Contact person
Michele Catherine Mician,MS
Phone 760-323-8214
Email Michele.Mician@palmsprings-ca.gov
Services provided
Water treatment and distribution,
wastewater treatment and collection,
fire protection,police,solid waste
collection,airport,street lighting and
traffic signals,Angel Stadium,
convention center
Sources-
1 Department of Finance,2009.
Z Palm Springs Resolution No,22714.
3 California Ener
a gy Commission,2010.
Western Regional Climate Center,2006.
6
Michael Brandman Associates
City ofPalm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Introduction
Exhibit 1:Regional Location Map
Michael Bmndman Associates
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3
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Introduction
Population and housing trends for the City for the years that this inventory covers are
displayed in Figure 2, Year 2035 population and housing estimates are interpolated from
buildout of the General Plan. It is assumed for purposes of this analysis that buildout of the
General Plan would occur in 2100. This assumption is based on a letter from the Southern
California Association of Governments(contained in Appendix C),which contains population
projections that were used in Senate Bill(SB)375. In order to be close to those projections,
a General Plan buildout year of 2100 is required.
Figure 2:City of Palm Springs Population and Housing Trends
100000 ................................................... ........
80000
60000
-Population k
`--_ ....Housing
40000
20000
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
I
2.4-Climate Change Background
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in the average weather of the earth that is measured by
alterations in wind patterns, storms, precipitation, and temperature. These changes are
assessed using historical records of temperature changes occurring in the past,such as
during previous ice ages. Many of the concerns regarding climate change use this data to
extrapolate a level of statistical significance specifically focusing on temperature records
from the last 150 years(the Industrial Age)that differ from previous climate changes in rate
and magnitude.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change constructed several
emission trajectories of GHGs needed to stabilize global temperatures and climate change
impacts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that global mean
temperature change from 1990 to 2100, given six scenarios, could range from 1.1 degrees
Celsius(°C)to 6.4'C. Regardless of analytical methodology,global average temperatures
and sea levels are expected to rise under all scenarios(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change 2007a).
Michael Brandman Associates 9
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Introduction City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Climate Change Consequences
In California,climate change may result in consequences such as the following:
• A reduction in the quality and supply of water to the State from the Sierra snowpack.
If heat-trapping emissions continue unabated, more precipitation will fall as rain
instead of snow, and the snow that does fall will melt earlier, reducing the Sierra
Nevada spring snowpack by as much as 70 to 90 percent. This can lead to
challenges in securing adequate water supplies. It can also lead to a potential
reduction in hydropower.
• Increased risk of large wildfires. If rain P a' P'?'' I4aai i'iV
increases as temperatures rise, wildfires in
the grasslands and chaparral ecosystems of
southern California are estimated to increase
by approximately 30 percent toward the end
of the 21 st century because more winter rain „.
will stimulate the growth of more plant"fuel"
available to burn in the fall. In contrast,a
hotter, drier climate could promote up to 90 I
percent more northern California fires by the
end of the century by drying out and
increasing the flammability of forest
vegetation. u:
• Reductions in the quality and quantity of wildfire in California
certain agricultural products. The crops and products likely to be adversely affected
include wine grapes,fruit, nuts, and milk.
• Exacerbation of air quality problems. If temperatures rise to the medium warming
range, there could be 75 to 85 percent more days with weather conducive to ozone
formation in Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley, relative to today's conditions.
This is more than twice the increase expected if rising temperatures remain in the.
lower warming range.
• A rise in sea levels resulting in the displacement of coastal businesses and
residences. During the past century, sea levels along California's coast have risen
about seven inches. If heat-trapping emissions continue unabated and temperatures
rise into the higher anticipated warming range, sea level is expected to rise an
additional 22 to 35 inches by the end of the century. Elevations of this magnitude
would inundate coastal areas with salt water, accelerate coastal erosion,threaten vital
levees and inland water systems,and disrupt wetlands and natural habitats.
• Damage to marine ecosystems and the natural environment.
10 Michael Brandman Associates
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
— Introduction
• An increase in infections, disease, asthma, and other health-related problems-
• A decrease in the health and productivity of California's forests.'
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are referred to as GHGs. The effect is analogous to the waya greenhouse retains heat. As shown in('ic {rt. the energy influx is maintained b I (�eletea:Figure 3
9 _.. ..._... .._....__... .._........_......_......_........_
three main factors: the amount of energy coming in which depends on the earth's distance
y . .
from the sun and solar activity;the albedo(the ability of the earth's surface to reflect light);
and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The presence of GHGs in the atmosphere
regulates the earth's temperature. Without the natural heat trapping effect of GHGs, the
earth's surface would be about 34°C cooler.
Figure 3:The Greenhouse Effect
The Three Factors
ENERGY
s ».
INFLUX
AA
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M, "
011 IT,
01
`, M
R x
�y xtr
Oro
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h
ktl Ilse
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=
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41
California Climate Change Center,2006;Moser et al.2009.
Michas/Brandman Associates
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Introduction
—————————— — —_City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
The chemical composition of the atmosphere changes over time. Natural processes and
human activities emit GHGs. As shown in Figure 4, carbon dioxide concentrations in the
atmosphere have steadily increased over time. The global atmospheric concentration of
carbon dioxide(CO2)data in Figure 4 prior to 1958 are from ice core measurements, and
post-1958 data are from the Mauna Loa measurement site in Hawaii.
Figure 4:Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2
Parke per millba(ppry)
Global Amo$ph8ric concentration of CO2
'
390
360 370
340
0 d wt i Wl 4, 'uN tl
300 ` mix
250
260
1$70 1880
G1 1890 1900 1910 19M 1930 1940 1950 19tm 1970 19M 1090 2000
lkp d..-„_
.A r�edae•,�yg
GHGs have varying global warming potential and atmospheric lifetimes. Carbon dioxide,
the reference gas for global warming potential, has a global warming potential of 1. The
calculation of the carbon dioxide equivalent(CO2e)is a consistent methodology for
comparing GHG emissions, since it normalizes various GHG emissions to a consistent
metric. Methane's warming potential of 21 indicates that methane has a 21 times greater
warming affect than carbon dioxide on a molecule per molecule basis. A carbon dioxide
equivalent is the mass emissions of an individual GHG multiplied by its global warming
potential. Emissions are typically shown in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents
(MTCO2e)or a million times that, million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents
(MMTCO2e). Global warming potentials used in this inventory are shown in Table 3.
Table 3:Global Warming Potentials
'Gr�erthouse'C+Bs �r H+
C3tobal Wartnlrl Ps to tial
Carbon dioxide(CO2)
1
Methane(CH.)
21
Nitrous oxide(N20)
310
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007a.
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Michael Brandman Associates
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City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
... _Introduction
Emissions worldwide were approximately 49,000 MMTCOze in 2004(Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2007b). As shown in Figure 5, emissions in the United States in
2008 were approximately 6,957 MMTCOze(1 teragram(Tg)is equal to 1 MMT). Carbon
dioxide is the main contributor to GHG emissions in the United States(water vapor is also a
contributor but is not regulated). As shown in Figure 6, GHG emissions in California in 2008
were approximately 477.7 MMTCOze,which is 6.8 percent of the United States inventory.
Figure 5: United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends
Carbon C)ioxirle Mt—hare Nitrous oxiele HFCs,PF4:s,& SF
7.000-
s;'fld fiT�1 f'}p OW, ,"JdA Mq^d k y atA A15�: ia4 i,Ull '1tiA
AA,
[l 000' kAA9 wuwnn
.n
5,000
r= 4,000
3.000
2,ON
1,00Q
N N CV C'J
Figure 6:California Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2008
Year 2006 c.nmmerriW Not rp-fi.d
Total grnea Pn,wsrJnn¢: 3%
.77 7 MN C07E+ Agrir;riryyrn(„ �7,
Ferpelry 6%
Wesirtetntotl fit,.
8°Po
+3 Tr'anY
ElnnFricily 36%
+aneration
`lln State) '4
12T
Eleclr city "� `��`
Gnnaratinn )#+ inn �k+,:,
Tlm Wets) '+ 4�,
12%
Intlbs om
21%
Michael erandman Associates
13
1
introduction. City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
California Regulatory Context
California has adopted a variety of regulations
aimed at reducing the State's GHG emissions.
While state actions alone cannot stop climate
change,the adoption and implementation of this
legislation demonstrates California's leadership in
addressing this challenge. Key legislation + �?
pertaining to the State's reduction targets are
described below.
Executive Order S-3-05. California Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger announced on June 1,
2005, through Executive Order S 3-05,the
following reduction targets for GHG emissions: wind Turbines in Palm Springs
• By 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels;
• By 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; and
• By 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels.
Executive Order S-13-08 directs the Governor's Office of Planning and Research, in
cooperation with the California Resources Agency,to provide land use planning guidance
related to sea level rise and other climate change impacts. The order also directs the
California Resources Agency to develop a State Climate Adaptation Strategy and to convene
an independent panel to complete the first California Sea Level Rise Assessment Report.
Senate Bill(SB)375. SB 375 aligns regional transportation planning efforts, regional GHG
reduction targets, and affordable housing allocations. Metropolitan Planning Organizations
are required to adopt a Sustainable Communities Strategy,which allocates land uses in the
Metropolitan Planning Organization's Regional Transportation Plan. Qualified projects
consistent with an approved Sustainable Communities Strategy or Alternative Planning
Strategy and categorized as"transit priority projects"would receive incentives under new
provisions of CEQA.
AB 32. The California State Legislature enacted AB 32,the California Global Warming
Solutions Act of 2006. AB 32 requires that GHGs emitted in California be reduced to 1990
levels by the year 2020. GHGs as defined under AB 32 include carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. The California
Air Resources Board(ARB)is the state agency charged with monitoring and regulating
sources of GHGs.
74 Michael Brandman Associates
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City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Introduction
The ARB approved the Climate Change Scoping Plan in December 2008(California Air
Resources Board,2008). The Scoping Plan contains measures designed to reduce the
State's emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. Local governments must achieve
reductions through land use measures that will be substantially dependent on the General
Plan for success. Statewide, the ARB expects to target local governments with reducing
GHG emissions by 5 MMTCOle by 2020,
Scoping Plan Reductions
The Scoping Plan contains a variety of measures, some of which would not directly reduce
emissions in Palm Springs. The measures that could reduce emissions in Palm Springs are
presented in Table 4,
Table 4:Scoping Plan Reductions in California
..............
date Reductions in 20209d►Y Sctfping Plan Meattgre iNMTCO20)
On-road motor vehicles: Pavley(AB 1493) 27.7
passenger vehicles
Tire Pressure Program 0.74
Low Carbon Fuel Standard
16
Advanced Clean Cars 1
Tire Tread Program 0 3
Subtotal 49.84
On-road motor vehicles: Heavy-duty vehicle(Aerodynamic efficiency) 0.93
heavy duty trucks
Ozone-depleting Limit High GWP Use in Consumer Products 0.23
substance substitutes
High-GWP Refrigerant Management Program g
for Stationary Sources
Alternative Suppressants in Fire Protection 0.1
Systems
Mitigation Fee on High GWP Gases 5
Stationary Equipment Refrigerant 4
Management Program—Specifications for
Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration
Subtotal 17.33
Waste Landfill Methane Control Measure 1.5
Electricity Renewable Electricity Standard 13.4
Renewables Portfolio Standards 7.9
i
Subtotal 21.3
Notes:
MMTCO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents,GWP=global warming potential
Source: California Air Resources Board,2010.
..............
Michael6randman Associates
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Introduction
— — — ——— — City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
The percent reductions from the measures shown in Table 4 are shown in Table 5. The
reductions apply to the California inventory, but similar rates of reduction are expected to
occur in Palm Springs. The business as usual emissions for the State's forecast of 2020
emissions is forecast from 3-year average emissions for 2002-2004. The project's business
as usual forecast was based on emission factors and values for 2005 and 2008;therefore,
reductions are applicable to project emissions.
In 2006 and 2008, Southern California Edison delivered approximately 16 percent of power
generated by renewable energy(Southern California Edison, 2006 and 2010). The
Renewables Portfolio Standards and the Renewable Electricity Standard require a 33-
percent renewable energy mix as an average statewide. If Southern California Edison were
to increase its renewable energy mix to 33 percent by 2020, it would need to increase it by
17 percent. Therefore, a 15-percent reduction from electricity is a reasonable assumption.
The percent reductions shown in Table 5 are applied to the business as usual emissions to
result in the"compliance"emission scenario. Some measures will be implemented before
2020; however, no reductions from these measures are taken for 2012 emissions because
emission reduction data is not available.
Table 5:$coping Plan Percent Reductions in California
Ernissiorls In j Re duction8 in
Category 2020 i 2020 Percent
(MMTC07e) (MMTCO�e) Reduction("}
On-road motor vehicles: passenger vehicles 160.8
49.84 31
On-road motor vehicles: heavy duty trucks 48.3
0.93 2
Ozone-depleting substance substitutes 45.0
17.33 39
...... ........
Waste . ..... ......
7.7 1.5 19
Electricity(California average) 139.2
21.3 15
Notes:
MMTCOZe=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents,NA=not available
Sources:
Emissions in 2020: California Air Resources Board,2008.
Reductions in 2020: Table 4
16
Michael Brandman Associates
2 .'.
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas/nvenrory
Govemment Inventory
SECTION 3: GOVERNMtNT INVENTORY
3.1 -Methodology
The methodology for the government inventory follows the Local Government Operations
Protocol(Protocol)(California Air Resources Board, et al.2010). The emissions are
reported are those within operational control of the City. The City has operational control
over an operation if the City has the full authority to introduce and implement its operating
Policies at the source. Operating policies can include operational, health, safety, and
environmental policies.
The Protocol divides GHG emissions into scopes. This inventory will include the following
emission categories:
• Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions
• Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or
acquired electricity, steam, heating,or cooling
Scope 3: Although these emissions are optional,emissions associated with employee
commute and business travel are reported.
Estimates of emissions for the"forecast"years, or years 2012 2020 and 2035 were based
on various criteria such as population growth and other factors described below.
Scope 1 Emissions
Palm Springs International Airport
' ` Wit' •, aa�^
The Palm Springs International Airport is under the
City's jurisdiction. The airport was recently
renovated in 2009,which added 5,000 square feet
for a concessions area, restrooms, and terminal
building, including a remodeled courtyard area
(Palm Springs 2009).
!i�I' Illd llld�l! illill'I iiVhll
��I� lolll,lu
Although emissions are produced by the aircraft
that land and take off at the airport,only emissions p
from the ground equipment fuel use are estimated. Palm S rings International Airport
.... ..... .. equipment
Fuel usage for 2005 and 2008 were provided by the airport. Fuel usage at the airport for the
forecast years was estimated based on gallons per total takeoff and landings in 2008. Fuel
usage estimates for 1990 and 2000 were based on gallons per passenger in 2005.
Michael Brandman Assoc/ores
17
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Community Inventory City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Palm Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant
The Palm Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant was originally constructed in 1960 to treat
4.15 million gallons per day(mgd). Two facility expansions were completed in 1979 and
1983, bringing the total design capacity to 10.9 mgd for average annual flow. The treatment
processes consist of preliminary screening, grit removal, primary clarification,trickling filters,
and secondary clarification. Treated effluent is disposed of onsite in percolation ponds or is
supplied to the Desert Water Agency for further treatment to meet reuse standards for offsite
irrigation. Biosolids from the treatment process are thickened,then stabilized by anaerobic
digestion and dried with sludge drying beds before final disposal(Palm Springs 2010a).
Emissions from the treatment plant include stationary methane emissions from incomplete
combustion of digester gas, process methane emissions from wastewater treatment
lagoons,and process emissions from the plant without n itrificatio n/de nitrifi cation. Emissions
for forecast years were estimated from population growth assumptions.
Former Palm Springs Landfill
The Former Palm Springs Landfill is an inactive landfill that had accepted predominantly
household refuse and construction waste from the early 1930s until the mid-1960s. It is
estimated that the volume of landfill debris is approximately 545,000 cubic yards, of which
approximately 29 percent and 71 percent of the material are construction and household
debris, respectively(Source Group 2003).
In 2004, the Former Palm Springs Landfill was
remediated, and the landfill material was moved,
recompacted,and capped within a proposed
`'; central parking area. A monitoring program was
installed to determine if methane or other gases are
r; accumulating in the piping. If there is
accumulation, low-flow vacuum pumps purge the
gases. There is no gas recovery collection system
of methane to generate electricity.
Former palm Spnn s Landfill Remediation,2004
Methane emissions from the landfill(for past, current, and future emissions)are estimated
using the ARB's Landfill Emissions Tool(California Air Resources Board 2010). There is
some uncertainty in the emissions estimates, as the waste in cubic yards was converted to
waste in tons.
Co-generation Plants
There are two co-generation plants located within the City and operated by the City:
Municipal and Sunrise Plaza. The co-generation plants use natural gas to power engines to
generate electricity and heat. When natural gas is burned, it emits GHGS. Natural gas
18
Michael Brandman Associates
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_City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
— — —— — — —.— --.-- Governmentlnventory
usage was provided by the City and was entered into the Clean Air and Climate Protection
(CACP)model to generate GHG emissions.
The heat byproduct from the co-generation plants is used to produce steam and hot water
for the chillers as well as hydronic space heating. A chiller removes heat from a liquid. The
liquid is then distributed to heat exchangers or coils,which cool the air in the space where
they are located. The liquid is recirculated back to the chiller to be cooled again.
The Municipal co-generation plant provides electricity to the airport, county building, Fire
Station#2, the city yard, City Hall, and the police station. Any additional electricity that is
required is provided by Southern California Edison(and is shown in the Electricity category
of the Government Inventory).
The City is currently conducting a comprehensive energy audit to develop a set of programs
that will be combined as a performance-based, single-energy project with the intended
purpose to save energy, reduce GHG emissions, and cut the City's energy and maintenance
and capital equipment expenditures throughout all of the City's facilities, including the two
co-generation plants. The future of the co-generation plants is unknown at this time.
Therefore, it is assumed that natural gas use in future years is the same as in 2008.
City Vehicle Fleet
There are emissions from vehicles driven by City employees, such as police vehicles,
firefighting vehicles and trucks, passenger vehicles, and trucks. Fuel use from municipal
operations was entered into the CACP model. Fuel use per capita in 2008 was used to
estimate fuel use for the forecast years using population growth as a surrogate, as it is
anticipated that more City employees and services would be required in proportion to the
increase in population.
Ozone-Depleting Substance Substitutes
The City of Palm Springs estimated that approximately 90 to 120 pounds of refrigerant
(R-22)leaks out of the air conditioning systems used in City facilities, according to City
records of replacement of refrigerant required from leakage. These emissions were
converted to GHG emissions using the global warming potential for R-22. It is assumed that
emissions in forecast years would be the same as current emissions. Even if the type of
refrigerant changes in the future, the global warming potential would likely be about the
same,as would the leakage.
Scope 2 Emissions
Natural Gas
Natural gas usage was not available through Southern California Gas Company. Therefore,
natural gas usage is not included in the City's inventory(with the exception of natural gas
used for the co-generation plants).
Michael Brandman Associates _
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Community Inventory
to- --- ----- --- -City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Electricity - - - -The City purchases electricity from Southern California Edison for its electricity needs not
supplied by the co-generation plants. The electricity usage was provided by Southern
California Edison and was converted to GHG emissions using emission factors specific to
Southern California Edison, published by eGRID. The emissions for 1990 use the emission
factors from eGRID for 1996, the emissions for 2000 use emission factors for 2000, and
emissions for later years use emission factors for 2005. Forecasts were estimated by
assuming that electricity would increase proportionate to population growth in the City.
Scope 3 Emissions
Employee Commute
An employee survey was conducted between August 25,2010 and October 5, 2010. From
a total of 390 employees, 141 surveys, or 36 percent,were completed. The survey was
used to obtain the type of vehicle used for employee commutes and the distance to the
place of employment from the residence. The average commute was applied to estimate
emissions from all the employees. No growth was assumed for the employee commute
because, since 1990, the number of employees has declined and is not based on the
Population within the City.
3.2.Results
The estimated GHG emissions from government operations are shown in Table 6 and in
Figure 7. The fugitive gases(methane and nitrous oxide)from the wastewater treatment
plant are the largest source of emissions for all years, followed by the co-generation plants.
Table 6:Government Historical Inventory and Future Business as Usual Inventory
emissions(MTCO*e per y arj<
Category` 1996
t)pQ 2005 2Cl08 2�42 2020 2035
Former Palm Springs 1,811 1,482 A 1,341
Landfill' 1,263 1,145 917 632
Wastewater treatment 13,236 14,02$
plant(fugitive)' 14,847 15,282 15,957 17,308 19,841
Co generation plants' 6,646 10,020 9,112 8,746 $,746 8,746 $,746
Airport fuel use' 53
79 86 109 115 133 162
City vehicle fleet'
1,687 1,495 1,450 1,559 1,628 1,767 2,026
...... .....
Ozone-depleting 99
99
substance substitutes' 99 99 99 99 gg
Electricity-municipalz 834 734 1,809 2,208 2,302 2,467 2,716
Electricity-streetli htsz
9 741 652 633 681 710 761 838
zo
Michael Brandman Associates
City OfPalm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Government Inventory
Table 6(cont.):Government Historical Inventory and Future Business as Usual Inventory
Emissions(MTCO2e per year)
..
Category 1990 2000 2009 2008 2012 2020 2035
Employee commute" 1,705 1,312 1,216 1,280 1,036 1,036 1,036
Total 26,812 29,901 30,593 31,227 31,738 33,234 36,096
Notes: 2012,2020,and 2035 are projections based on business as usual.
MTC07e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents
Scope 1 emissions
2 Scope 2 emissions
3 Scope 3 emissions
Source. Appendix A.
Figure 7:Government Historical and Future Year Business as Usual Inventory
40,000 .. ; ,.
7, :.
30,000
U a' Flectrici
Former Palm Springs Landfill
Employee commute
u, 0,000 y.-O gyp, ry2
— ■Mobile fuel use
w 10'000 ,'
El Co
-generation plants
E
' ■Wastewater treatment plant
0
1990 2000 2005 2008 2012 2020 2035
Michael Brandman Associates 21
Community Inventory
— City oiPalm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
A comparison of the Scope 2 emissions from electricity generation for City parks and
associated buildings is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8:Comparison of Municipal Parks Electricity Use
— -- -- — — -- -- 1112000
2000❑2005■20081
140
.............. ..
.......
m ............ ....
O 120
I
H
2 100
0 80
I •y
w 60
40
i
20
W0
Village Frances Ruth Hardy Victoria Park Desert DeWth Park Sunrise,
Green, Stevens Park Highland
Historical Park 9 Stadium,
— — — — — Park Library
Incorporation of the reductions in the AB 32 Scoping Plan(see Table 5)is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9:Government Inventory Growth
40,000
................. ..................
i I
............. .
a)
i m
2 35,000
N
O
Q �.rr
30,000
a
25,000
w
20,000
000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Business as Usual - compli-
ance]
22
Michael Brandman Associates
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City ofpalm Springsre Genhouse Gas Inventory
— — — — _Govem_mentlnventory
Compliance emissions for the years 2020 and 2035 are shown in Table 7. As shown in the
table, reductions from AB 32 would result in a 4-percent reduction in 2020 and 2035.
Table 7:Government Compliance Inventory
Emissions(110Cdxa,per year)
Source
20e0 2035
Former Palm Springs Landfill
917 632
Wastewater treatment plant(fugitive)
17,308 19,841
Co-generation plants
Airport fuel use 8,746 8,746
City vehicle fleet 133 162
1,297 1,486
Ozone-depleting substance substitutes
60 60
Electricity—municipal ..
2,097 2,309
Electricity—streetlights
647 712
Employee commute
....... ... .:
Total 715 715
31,920 34,663
Reduction from Business as Usual 4% 0
4/o
Notes: 2020 and 2035 are projections and do not represent targets.
MTCOze=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents
Source: Appendix A.
Michae/Brandman Associates
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20
City of Pal-.SPrings Gree In
nhouse Gas ventory
—— —— —————.— Community/nventory
SECTION* CO
MMUNITY INVENTORY
4.1 - Methodology
Detailed information regarding the methodology of the community inventory is contained
within Appendix A. There is currently no published guidance regarding methodology for a
community inventory. Data was estimated using emission factors in the spreadsheets
contained in Appendix A as well as the CACP model.
Mobile Sources
Mobile source emissions are from on-road and off-road vehicles traveling and performing
work within the City. A description of these two sources is provided below.
On-Road Vehicles
On-road vehicles include gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks(and
sports utility vehicles),and heavy-duty vehicles. Vehicle miles traveled within the City for
2000, 2005, and 2008 are from the California Department of Transportation(Caltrans).Caltrans does not have data available for 1990; therefore, vehicle miles traveled within the
City in 1990 was backcast from 2000 per capita estimates(17.3 miles per day per person in
2000). The oldest year for which data is available from Caltrans is 1996, which was not
used because the per capita rate is greater than in 2000. The vehicle miles traveled does
not contain miles traveled outside of the City. In addition,the vehicle miles traveled data
includes pass-through trips, which are trips that do not originate or end in the City. The Palm
Springs 2007 General Plan contains average daily traffic for buildout of the General Plan on
the main roads within the City, which was converted to vehicle miles traveled by multiplying
by the road length and adding a percentage to include the local roads. Vehicle miles
traveled projections for 2012, 2020, and 2035 were interpolated from 2008 and General
Plan buildout estimates. The vehicle miles traveled data was entered into the CACP model
to estimate the GHG emissions.
Off-Road Vehicles
Off-road equipment includes construction and mining equipment, generators, industrial
equipment, lawn and garden equipment, and recreational equipment(off-road vehicles and
all terrain vehicles). Emissions for Riverside County were estimated using the
OFFROAD2007 model. Emissions within the City were apportioned from the County
emissions on the basis of population. The OFFROAD2007 model also includes forecasts of
emissions for future years.
Airport Fuel Use
Airport fuel use is estimated as discussed in the Government Inventory section.
Michael arandman A ssociates
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30
Community Inventory City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Energy-Residential
Electricity
Residential electricity refers to the indirect emissions associated with generating electricity to
be used in households in the City. Southern California Edison provided electricity usage for
the entire City for 1990,2000,2005,and 2008(reports are located in Appendix B).
Emission factors are from eGRID(1990 uses 1996 factors;2000 uses 2000 factors;and
later years use emission factors for 2005). Electricity for future years was forecast by
assuming that household growth was equal to an increase in residential electricity. The
electricity usage data was converted to GHG emissions using emission factors specific to
Southern California Edison.
Natural Gas
GHGs are emitted when natural gas is burned. Natural gas is used to heat residences,
power dryers, heat water, and/or for natural gas kitchen stoves. The Southern California
Gas Company provided natural gas usage for 2005 and 2008. Natural gas usage for other
years was projected using the therms per year per residential unit in 2005 and was assumed
to grow at the same rate as the number of housing units.
Energy-Non-Residential
Electricity
Electricity for the non-residential category includes emissions from power plants used to
generate electricity that is used for hotels, restaurants, public buildings and uses(such as
streetlights), commercial buildings, and industrial buildings. Southern California Edison
provided electricity usage for 1990, 2000, 2005, and 2008. Emission factors are from
eGRID(1990 uses 1996 factors;2000 uses 2000 factors; and later years use emission
factors for 2005). Municipal,water,and street lighting growth for future years is correlated to
an increase in population. Growth in commercial/industrial is correlated to an increase in
commercial/industrial acreage assumed at buildout in the Palm Springs 2007 General Plan.
Emissions were estimated using emission factors specific to Southern California Edison.
Natural Gas
Natural gas from the commercial/industrial/public sector is used for space heating, co-
generation plants,to heat water, and industrial processes. Southern California Edison
provided natural gas usage for the City for the"commercial/industrial"sector for 2005 and
2008. Natural gas for the future years was estimated using the therms per year per acre of
commercial/industrial land in 2005. Natural gas for 1990 and 2000 was backcast using
therms per capita in 2005. Emissions were estimated using the CACP model.
Waste
Former Palm Springs Landfill
Although this landfill has not been active for many years, methane is still emitted. Emissions
are estimated as discussed in the Government Inventory.
26
Michael Brandman Associates
31
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory Community Inventory
Waste Generated
Waste generated by residents, employees, and visitors in the City are sent to a landfill
outside of the City,where the trash generates GHG emissions through decomposition
processes. The California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery(2010)
maintain records of waste generated by the City.
In 2005,the City expanded its efforts to increase recycling and decrease waste. In 2005,
the City's recycling rate was around 54 percent(City of Palm Springs 2010a). The City
worked with Palm Springs Disposal Services to tighten the City's waste reporting methods.
The City also encouraged businesses to recycle by visiting with businesses and speaking at
civic events. The City educated residents by producing recycling brochures, recycling
wheels,construction and demolition brochures,fliers, refrigerator magnets, recyclable
grocery bags, and other pieces of information available at City Hall,the library,other City
facilities, and VillageFest. The City also used its website and closed circuit television
(CCTV). The City increased the number of e-waste/shredding events. For the last
reportable year,the City's recycling rate was over 69 percent. Between 2005 and 2008,
waste decreased in the City by approximately 28,000 tons.
Waste generation for future years was estimated from per capita waste in 2008. The CACP
model calculated emissions from waste generation.
Water and Wastewater
Emissions in this category include emissions from the electricity required to pump water and
fugitive emissions from the wastewater treatment plant. Electricity data was provided by
Southern California Edison. Wastewater treatment plant fugitive emissions are estimated as
discussed in the Government Inventory.
Ozone-Depleting Substance Substitutes
In some cases, high global warming potential gases have been substituted for ozone
depleting substances(ODS)in refrigeration and manufacturing processes. ODS are being
phased out pursuant to the Montreal Protocol because they are gases that cause chemical
destruction of the ozone in the stratosphere(a layer of air in the upper atmosphere). Ozone
in the stratosphere is good because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin
cancer,cataracts, and other health problems in humans. Stratospheric ozone is not to be
confused with ozone in the troposphere(the layer of air that we breathe),which is an air
pollutant that results in health effects.
ODS substitutes can be released into the atmosphere when they leak out of refrigeration
and air conditioning equipment contained in stationary and mobile applications. ODS
substitutes are also used in solvent cleaning,foam production, sterilization,fire
suppressants, and aerosols. Emissions of ODS substitutes consisted of 2.9 percent of
California's GHG inventory in 2008 and are anticipated to increase to 7.5 percent by 2020.
Michael Brandman Associates Y7
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Community lnvenrory — City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
The United States is forecasting emissions of ODS substitutes to increase by 168 percent
between 2005 and 2020(United States Environmental Protection Agency 2010), The large
increase is due to the growing use of ODS substitutes to replace ODS gases.
The ODS substitutes hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)and perfluorocarbons(PFCs)have high
global warming potentials. The global warming potential is the potential of a gas or aerosol
to trap heat in the atmosphere compared with the reference gas,carbon dioxide,which has
a global warming potential of 1.
ODS substitutes are estimated for the City by apportioning California emissions on the basis
of population. California has data and projections for the State for 1990,2000, 2005,2008,
and 2020. Emissions for 2012 are interpolated from 2008 and 2020 data. Emission
projections for 2035 are based on per capita emissions in 2020.
Sources Not Included., Indigo Power Plant
The Wildflower Energy Indigo Generation natural gas peaker power plant's emissions are
not included within this GHG inventory because indirect emissions from power plants are
included within the Electricity sector. Reported emissions from the peaker power plant in
2008 were 69,471 MTCO2e and in 2009 were 38,406 MTCO2e(Appendix A).
42-Results
The community business as usual inventory is presented in Figure 10 and Table 8 A series
of pie charts that display the percentages of the emissions between 1990 and 2020 is shown
in Exhibit 2. ODS substitutes increase from less than 1 percent in 1990 to 7 percent of the
emissions in 2035.
Figure 10:Community Historical and Future Business as Usual Inventory
1,000,000 `
w.
4,' w,
800,000
Q
P- 600,000 �13 ODS substitutes
q Water,wastewater
�Waste
y
400,000 ■Energy(non residential)
w „ 0 Energy(residential)
200,000 ^; �, ■Mobile vehicles_
— — —
Nvv;
s'
0
1990 2000 2005 2008 2012 2020 2035
28
Michael Brandman Associates
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City o—P M Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
------ --. -- -- -----Community/nventory
Exhibit 2:Community Business as Usual Emissions
M(chae/Brandman Assoc/ates
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35
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Community Inventory
Table 8:Community Historical and Future Business as Usual Inventory
G4143 Emiissivns NTCO2e per year)
egctry
2000 2005 2008 2012 2020 2035
High GW P gases ODS substitutes
49 10,805 15,523 17,239 28,690 54,314 62,282
Water,wastewater Electricity-water 11,879 9,724 10,326 10,913 11,376 12,193 13,426
Wastewater treatment plant(fugitive) 13,236 14,028 14,847 15,282 15,957 17,308 19,841
Waste Former Palm Springs Landfill 1,811 1,482 1,341 1,263 1,145 917
632
Waste generated 14,920 18,367 16,879 11,490 11,999
..... 13,018 14,928
Energy(non Electricity-commercial/industrial101,743 91,112 84,047 residential) 91,259 93,362 97,568 105,454
Natural gas-commercial/industrial 43,634 46,527 49,865 38,269 53,980 58,682 67,498
Electricity-municipal 834 734 1,809 2,208 2,302 2,467 2,716
Electricity-streetlights 741 652 633 681 710 761
838
Energy[residential} Electricity 97,594 84,957 84,905 89,656 91,682 95,472 101,761
Natural gas 66,838 67,566 70,297 70,554 75,265 78,667 85,046
Mobile vehicles Airport fuel use
53 79 86 109 115 133 162
Off-road vehicles 123 118 211 207 205 210
250
On-road passenger vehicles 192,081 179,116 218,483 206,505 221,092 251,733 331,876
On-road trucks 20,277 15,135 22,640 16,862 18,523 23,754 36,521
Total
565,813 540,402 591,892 572,497 626,403 707,197 843,231
Per Capita Emissions - -
14.1 12.6 12.9 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.8
Notes:
GHG=greenhouse gas;MTCO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents(contains GHGs carbon dioxide; methane,nitrous oxide,and hydrofluorocarbons)
GW P=global warming potential;ODS=ozone depleting substances
Source: Appendix A.
34
Michael Bra ndman A ssocia tes
W
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory community inventory
Figure 11 displays the emission percentages for 2035. Mobile vehicles and energy are the
largest source of GHG emissions within the City.
Figure 11:2035 Community Business as Usual Emissions
ODS substitutes
Water,wastewater /�
7%
4%
Waste
2%
Energy(non Mobile vehicles
residential) 44%
21%
Energy(residential)
22%
Figure 12 displays the increase over time of the business as usual emissions and the
compliance emissions. Compliance emissions are emissions with the reductions from AB
32. Also shown are the 1990 emissions over time.
Figure 12:Community Inventory Growth
�v
800,000
d
N
0
U
F-
600,000
O
w
E
W
400,000
1990 199 25 2030 2
000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 ,....T� 0
035
Year
L Business as Usual Compliance 1990 Emissions j
32 Michael8randman Associates
37
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Comm"nity Inventory
Table 9 displays the GHG emissions inventory of the community emissions with
incorporation of reductions afforded by AB 32. As shown in the table, in 2020, the
reductions reduce emissions by 18.9 percent from business as usual; in 2035,emissions
are reduced by 19.5 percent.
Table 9: Community Future Year Compliance Inventory
Emissions(MTCOge per year)
Category Source
2020 2035
High GWP gases OD5 substitutes 33,131 37,992
Water,wastewater Electricity-water 10,364
11,412
Wastewater treatment plant(fugitive 17,308 19,841
gases)
Waste Former Palm Springs Landfill 917
I 632
Waste generated 10,545 12,091
Energy(other) Electricity—commercial/industrial 82,933 89,636
i
Natural gas—commercial/industrial 58,682
67,498
Electricity—municipal
2,097 2,309
...........
Electricity—streetlights 647
712
Energy(residential) Electricity 81,151 86,497
Natural gas 78,667 85,046
Motor vehicles
Airport fuel use 133 162
Off-road vehicles 210 250
On-road passenger vehicles
173,696 228,994
On-road trucks 23,279 35,791
Total
573,760 678,863
Per Capita Emissions 10.8 11.1
................
Reduction from Business as Usual ....a
18.9/o
19.5/o
Emissions are this percent greater than 1990 emissions 1% 17%
Notes,
MTCO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents;GWP=global warming potential
ODS=ozone depleting substance
Compliance emissions for the years 1990,2000,2005,2008,and 2012 are assumed to be the same as
business as usual(Table 8).
Source, Appendix A.
............. ............. ..............
.......................... .............. .............. .............. ........... ..............
...............
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City of Palm Spr/ngs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
_Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
SECTION.5. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
AB Assembly Bill
ARB The California Air Resources Board is a part ofthe California Environmental
Protection Agency,an organization that reports directly to the Governor's Office
in the Executive Branch of California State Government. The mission of the ARB
is to promote and protect public health,welfare,and ecological resources through
the etlective and efficient reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and
considering the effects on the economy of the State.
CEQA The California Environmental Quality Act is a California statute passed in 1970 to
institute a statewide policy of environmental protection.
BAU Business as usual: Emissions that are expected to occur in a future year in the
absence of emission reduction regulations and controls.
CO' Carbon dioxide: A naturally occurring gas and a by-product ofburning fossil
fuels and biomass other industrial processes. It is the reference gas against which
other GHGs are measured and therefore has a global warming potential of 1.
Climate Change The statistically significant variation either in the mean state of the climate or in
its variability,persisting for an extended period(typically decades or longer).
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. The mission nfEPA is to
protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment—air,water and
land--upon which life depends.
GHG Greenhouse gas: A gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere. GHGs
as defined by AB 32 include carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide,
hydrotluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons,and sulfur hexatluoride.
M"f CO,e Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:a measure of GHG emissions
MMTCO2e Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:a measure of GHG emissions
ODS Ozone depleting substances: compounds that contributes to stratospheric ozone
depletion. ODS include chlorolluorocarbons(CFCs),hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs),halons,methyl bromide,carbon tetrachloride,
are generally
very stable in chlorobro1nomethanc,and methyl chloroform_ ODS
are generally very stable in
ultraviolet light in the strato the troposphere and only degrade under intense
sphere. When they break down,they release chlorine
or bromine atoms,which then deplete ozone.
SB Senate Bill
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City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
--— —-- . — — — — References
SECTION 6: REFERENCES
6A -Acknowledgments
........... ..........
The following are individuals who assisted by providing data, peer review, and/or assistance.
The names are in alphabetical order.
City of Palm Springs
Jan Anderson, Facilities Maintenance Manager
David Barakian, Director of Public Works/City Engineer
Cindy Berardi, City Clerk's Office
Steve Bowser, Deputy Director of Aviation
Gary Calhoun, Recycling Coordinator
Craig Ewing, Director of Planning Services
Marcus Fuller,Assistant City Engineer/Assistant Director of Public Works
Kim Hardcastle, Human Resources Analyst
Ken Lyon,Associate Planner
Michele Mician, Manager, Office of Sustainability
Steve Rakestraw, Fleet Operations/Maintenance Manager
Michael Brandman Associates
George Checkal, GIS Technician
Ed Livingston, Editor
David Mitchell,Air Quality Services Manager
Arabesque Said,Analyst
South Coast Air Quality Management District
Ian MacMillan, Program Supervisor, CEQA Intergovernmental Review
Southern California Edison
Jennifer Menjivar, Region Manager, Local Public Affairs
Adrina Young,Analyst-Program/Project
Southern California Gas Company
Deborah McGarrey, Public Affairs Manager
6,2-References In Text
California Air Resources Board, 2008- Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Forecast.
Website:www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/forecast-htm.
California Air Resources Board,2008. Scoping Plan. Website:www.arb.ca.gov/cc
/scopingplan/document/scopingplandocument.htm, Accessed October21,
2010.
Michael Brandman Associates
37
�l
L.r
References
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
California Air Resources Board. 2010. Scoping Plan Measures Implementation Timeline.
July 1, 2010. Website: www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan
/sp_measures_implementation_timeline.pdf.
California Air Resources Board, et al. 2010. California Air Resources Board, California
Climate Action Registry, ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability, and
the Climate Registry. Local Government Operations Protocol for the
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories.
Version 1.1, May 2010. Website: www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov
/localgov.htm. Accessed August 30, 2010.
California Air Resources Board. 2010. California Air Resources Board's Implementation of
IPCC's Mathematically Exact First-Order Decay Model. June 3. (model
output contained in Appendix A)
California Climate Change Center. 2006. Our Changing Climate, Assessing the Risks to
California: A Summary Report from the California Climate Change Center,
July 2006. CEC-500-2006-077. Accessed July 1, 2010. Website:
www.climatechange.ca.gov/publications/biennial_reports/index.html.
California Department of Finance. 2009. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities,
Counties and the State,2001-2009,with 2000 Benchmark. May. Website:
www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-5/2009/.
California Energy Commission. 2010, California Energy Maps, California Building Climate
Zone Map. Website:www.energY.ca-gov/maps/building_climate—Zones-html-
Accessed August 30, 2010.
California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. Disposal Reporting System:
Jurisdiction Disposal and Alternative Daily Cover tons by Facility. Website:
www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Reports/DRS/Destination/JurDspFa.aspx,
Accessed August 2,2010.
ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainability. 2010- Clean Air and Climate Protection 2009
Software. Version 2.2.1b. April.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007a. Climate Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Solomon, S., D.
Qin, M. Manning,Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller
[eds.]). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA,Website:www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wgl.htm, Accessed
July 1,2010
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007b. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis
Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Core Writing
Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger,A. [eds.]). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Website:www,ipcc.ch/publications and data/ar4/syr/en/contents.htmi.
Accessed July 1,2010. _
Moser et al.2009. Moser, Susie, Guido Franco, Sarah Pittiglio,Wendy Chou, and Dan
Cayan. 2009. The Future Is Now:An Update on Climate Change Science
38
Michael Brandman Associates
43
City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory References
Impacts and Response Options for California. California Energy
Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Program. CEC-
500-2008-071. Website: www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-500-
2008-071/CEC-500-2008-071.PDF Accessed July 1,2010
Palm Springs, City of, 2009. Inside Palm Springs, News from City Hall_ April. Website:
www.palmspHngs-ca.gov/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=7001.
Accessed October 18, 2010.
Palm Springs, City of, 2010a. Wastewater Treatment Plant Capital Rehabilitation and
Repair Plan. Website: www.paimsprings-ca.gov/index.aspx?page=877.
Accessed October 18, 2010.
Palm Springs, City of, 2010b. Gary Calhoun, City of Palm Springs Recycling Coordinator.
Personal communication: email. October 18, 2010.
Palm Springs Resolution No,22714, A Resolution of the City Council of the City of Palm
Springs, California,Approving the Budget for Fiscal Year 2010-11 and such
other matters as required. Website: www.palmspringsca.gov
/index,aspx?page=452. Accessed August 30, 2010.
Southern California Edison. 2010. Greenhouse Gas Initiatives. Website:www.edison.com
/environment/eme_ghg.asp. Accessed October 25,2010.
Southern California Edison. 2006. Southern California Edison signs largest Wind Energy
Contract in U.S. Renewable Industry History. Website:
http://www.edison.com/pressroom/pr.asp?id=6487. Accessed October 25,
2010.
The Source Group. 2003. Final Draft Removal Action Workplan Former Palm Springs
Landfill, Intersection of Gene Autry Trail and Ramon Road, Palm Springs,
California. December 16,. Website:www.dtsc.ca.gov/SiteCleanup/Projects
/upload/Palm-Springs-Landfill_REP—RAW.pdf.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. 2010 U.S_ Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Report—Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks
1990-2008. EPA-430-R-10-006. Washington, D.C.Website:www.epa.gov
/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed July 5, 2010.
Western Regional Climate Center. 2006, Palm Springs, California. Period of Record
General Climate Summary. From 1927 to 2006. Cooling Degree Days
Heating Degree Days. Website:www.wrcc,dri.edu/cgi-
bin/cliMAIN.pI?caplms+sca. Accessed August 30,2010.
6.3-Figure Reforelnces
Figure 1. Michael Brandman Associates.
Figure 2: City of Palm Springs Population and Housing Trends. Michael Brandman
Associates. See"Population and Housing Summary'spreadsheet in Appendix A.
Figure 3: The Greenhouse Effect. UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Factors influencing the
greenhouse effect[Internet]. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library; 2002(cited
Michael Brandman Associates 39
References
— — — — —— ———. —. — — City of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
2010 Sep 4), Cartographer/Designer: Philippe Rekacewicz. Website:
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/factors_influencing_the_9reenhouse_effect.
Figure 4: Global Atmospheric Concentration Of CO2 UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Global
atmospheric concentration of CO2. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library.
2000. Website: http-Hmaps.grida.no/go/graphic/global-atmospheric-concentration-of-co2.
Accessed August 28, 2010.
Figure 5: United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends. United States Environmental
Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2008.
April 15, 2010. Website: www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/down loads l0/US-GHG-
Inventory-Fast-Facts-2008_pdf. Accessed September 3, 2010. EPA 430-R-10-006.
Figure 6: California Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2008. California Air Resources Board.
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data-Graphs. Website: www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory
/data/graph/graph.htm. Accessed August 28, 2010.
Figure 7 through Figure 12. Michael Brandman Associates.
6.4-Photograph References
Cover: Palm Springs. iStock photo 12025754,
Palm Trees in the City of Palm Springs. iStock photo 2610434.
Palm Springs and the San Jacinto Mountains. Palm Springs. View of Palm Springs and
Coachella Valley with San Jacinto Mountains in the background. iStock photo 12134415.
Wind Turbines in Palm Springs, iStock photo 12763144. Photo by Lawrence Freytag on
April 7, 2010, east of Palm Springs.
Wildfire in California. California desert hills wild fire sparked by lightening. Photo by David
Mantel. iStock photo 13790519.
Palm Springs International Airport Equipment. Photo by Michael Brandman Associates.
Former Palm Springs Landfill Remediation. California Environmental Protection Agency,
Department of Toxic Substances Control. Brownfields Cleanup. Sara Amir. Website:
www.swrcb.ca.gov/losangeles/water issues/programs/remediation/presentations/04_1118/b
rownfields%20workshop%20with%20the%20water%20board%203.pdf.
0.5-Exhil,lt RefOrencos
Exhibit 1. Michael Brandman Associates.
Exhibit 2. Michael Brandman Associates.
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Michael Brandman Associates
Cfty of Palm Springs Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Appendix A:
Spreadsheets and Model Output
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Appendix B:
Southern California Edison Reports
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Appendix C:
Southern California Association of Governments Letter
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