HomeMy WebLinkAboutITEM 2A - Case TPM 38933 PC 10-9-24
PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT
DATE: OCTOBER 9, 2024 PUBLIC HEARING
SUBJECT: A REQUEST BY WINTEC ENERGY, LTD, OWNER, FOR A TENTATIVE
PARCEL MAP (TPM) 38933 REQUESTING TO SPLIT ONE (1) VACANT
LARGER LOT OF 56.46-ACRES INTO TWO (2): PARCEL 1 = 19.62-
ACRES AND PARCEL 2 = 36.83-ACRES FOR THE PURPOSE OF
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CONSISTENT WITH THE LISTED USES IN
THE E-1 (ENERGY INDUSTRIAL) ZONE LOCATED AT APN 666-320-026,
18TH AVENUE AND KAREN AVENUE, ZONE E-1, (CASE NO. STM 2024-
0003) (GM).
FROM: DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES
SUMMARY:
This is a request for the Planning Commission to consider a Tentative Parcel Map to split
one (1) larger vacant lot of 56.46-acres into two (2) parcels as follows: Parcel 1 = 19.62
acres and Parcel 2 = 36.83-acres located at 18th Avenue and Karen Avenue in the far
north part of the City. Any future development must be consistent with the listed uses in
the existing E-1 (Energy Industrial) zone per Section 92.17.2 of the Palm Springs Zoning
Code and the Industrial (IND) General Plan Land Use Designation. There are no
development plans at this time.
ISSUES:
1. The Planning Commission often reviews a Tentative Parcel Map (TPM) as part of
a larger development package, however at this time the property owner reserves
the right to possibly sell the parcel in the future for development.
2. The California Subdivision Map Act does allow the subdivision of land without an
associated development approval.
3. The subject site has a Land Use Designation of Industrial (IND) which allows for
the development of warehouses, research and development parks, light
manufacturing and industrial services.
4. A CEQA analysis would be performed by staff and reviewed by the Planning
Commission as required for any development proposal once it is submitted.
RECOMMENDATION:
That the Planning Commission determine that the project is Categorically Exempt as a
Planning Commission Staff Report
October 9, 2024 – Page 2 of 6
Case TPM 38933
Class 15 Exemption - “Minor-Land Divisions” as the project does not propose any
development as part of the approval of the Tentative Parcel Map subject to attached
conditions of approval.
BUSINESS PRINCIPAL DISCLOSURE:
The applicant has submitted a Business Disclosure form stating that the property is
owned by Wintec Energy, LTD, as a California Limited Liability Company with Fred Nobel
as having an equal share in the business. The signed Public Integrity Disclosure form is
attached.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The application before the Planning Commission is for a two (2) lot Tentative Parcel Map
(38933) as the action will allow the larger vacant parcel to be split into two (2) lots. As
described below:
The applicant is seeking approval to split the vacant 56.46-acre lot into two lots as follows:
Parcel 1 = 19.62 – acres
Parcel 2 = 36.83 – acres
The new Parcel 1 would have a 660-foot frontage along 18th Avenue and Parcel 2 would
have a 1,051-foot frontage along 19th Avenue, both streets are yet to be constructed. The
subject lots are currently vacant and contains native vegetation and are ungraded. Any
future development including grading would require additional review by the Planning
Commission depending on proposed development.
Site: Parcel 1
Planning Commission Staff Report
October 9, 2024 – Page 3 of 6
Case TPM 38933
BACKGROUND AND SETTING:
Most Recent Ownership
10/27/2009 Wintec, LTD
Sign Posting of Pending Project
8/27/2024 Posting of property with “Project Under Consideration” sign.
Notification
9/26/2024 Public hearing notices sent to all property owners within 500 feet of
property.
DETAILS OF APPLICATION REQUEST:
Site Area
56.46-Acres
Parcel 1 = 19.62 acres
Parcel 2 = 36.83 acres
General Plan, Zoning and Land Uses of Site & Surrounding Areas
Existing General Plan
Designations
Existing Zoning
Designation
Existing Land Use
Site IND (Industrial) E-1 (Energy Industrial) Vacant
North IND (Industrial) E-1 (Energy Industrial) Vacant
South IND (Industrial) E-1 (Energy Industrial) Solar Farm
East IND (Industrial) E-1 (Energy Industrial) Vacant
West IND (Industrial) E-1 (Energy Industrial) Vacant
FINDINGS – TENTATIVE TRACT MAP 38933:
Pursuant to Section 66474 of the Subdivision Map Act, the following findings must be
made relative to the proposed map:
1. The proposed Tentative Tract Map or Tentative Parcel Map is consistent with all
applicable general and specific plans.
The Tentative Parcel Map (TPM) proposes to split one existing lot of 56.46 acres into two
(2) lots with Parcel 1 = 19.62 acres and Parcel 2 = 36.83 acres for the purpose of future
development consistent with the General Plan designation of Industrial (IND). The
Industrial (IND) land use typically includes warehouses, research and development parks,
light manufacturing, laboratories, and industrial services. The approval of the TPM will
allow for future development consistent with the E-1 (Light Industrial) zone and land uses
per the Industrial designation.
I
Planning Commission Staff Report
October 9, 2024 – Page 4 of 6
Case TPM 38933
Specific goals and policies of the IND include:
Goal LU3 Attract and retain high-quality industrial and business park development.
LU3.1 Encourage well planned research and development areas and business
parks that contain coordinated design guidelines and enhanced amenities.
LU3.2 Promote opportunities for expansion and revitalization of industrial uses
within the City.
LU3.7 Continue to work with the Chamber of Commerce and other business
promotion groups within the City to attract new industrial businesses to
Palm Springs.
The vacant site has development potential to meet the stated goals above and the finding
has been met.
2. The design and improvements of the proposed Tentative Parcel Map are
consistent with the zone in which the property is located.
The subject 56.46- acre parcel is currently zoned E-1 (Energy Industrial) which typically
includes areas for alternative energy development, industrial development, and
cultivation uses including warehouses, research and development parks, light
manufacturing, laboratories, and industrial services. The approval of the TPM will allow
for future development consistent with the E-1 (Light Industrial) zone and land uses per
the Industrial designation. Any new project must be consistent with underlying zoning and
General Plan Land Use designation and continue through the required entitlement
process reviewed by the Planning Commission and the finding has been met.
3. The site is physically suited for this type of development.
The parcel is physically suited for the TPM as it is currently undeveloped and vacant and
contains native scrub brush and other plantings. The 56.46-acre parcel located at the far
north end of the City is an area that is designated for future development. The vacant lot
is relatively flat with a gentle slope downward from north to south. The two parcels
created will each be adequate in size to accommodate future uses that would be
consistent with the Industrial land use. Access will be via the construction of a new 18th
Avenue and Karen Avenue. Proposed conditions of approval will address all required site
modifications consistent with City Standards and will assure safe access to any future
development and the finding has been met.
4. The site is physically suited for the proposed density of development.
The Tentative Parcel Map does not provide a specific project site plan and layout currently,
however, it does propose to split one (1) lot into two (2) resulting in an undeveloped parcel
which is physically suited for any future proposed development at a density consistent with
the Industrial land use designation. Industrial zoning allows for a 0.50 FAR for a stand-alone
industrial use. Given that each parcel to be created will be more than 36 and 19 acres,
Planning Commission Staff Report
October 9, 2024 – Page 5 of 6
Case TPM 38933
respectively, this will permit a wide variety of industrial projects to be developed on each
parcel. The approval of the TPM will allow the vacant property to be sold or developed in a
manner that is consistent with the Industrial land use and development standards of the E-
1 zone and the finding has been met.
5. The design of the subdivision is not likely to cause environmental damage or
substantially and avoidably injure fish, wildlife, or their habitats.
The subject site is a flat ungraded lot with native vegetation. The TPM project has been
determined to be Categorically Exempt as a Class 15 “Minor-Land Division” for CEQA
purposes. The act of dividing the parcel with no development as of yet will not disturb any
habitat area, however any future development will require DEQA analysis should a
proposal be submitted. The approval of the lot split into two (2) parcels will cause no
environmental damage as a result of the proposed parcel map and the finding has been
met.
6. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements is not likely to cause serious
public health problems.
Any development of the site would be consistent with Section 94.04 of the Palm Springs
Zoning Code requiring further review by the Planning Commission and Architectural Review
Committee for proposed building elevations, site and landscape plans. Any future
development will be designed in a way that meets and exceeds City Standards and will
include connections to all public utilities including water and sewer systems. The
development will have appropriately designed and constructed streets and internal private
driveways built to City standards providing ingress/egress. Access to the site to be via the
construction of 18th Avenue connecting with North Indian Canyon Drive.
7. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements will not conflict with
easements, acquired by the public at large, for access through or use of the
property within the proposed subdivision.
The Tentative Parcel Map shows several easements on both parcels. For Parcel 1 there is
a reciprocal access easement on the east property line providing for a future street. In
addition, there is a water easement running through the middle of the parcel. Parcel 2 has
a large electrical transmission easement that bisects the southwest corner of the property.
These easements will remain and do not affect the splitting of this parcel. Any proposed
development will need to take into consideration these easements and propose a design
that does not encroach or invalidate these easements, and the finding has been met.
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION:
Pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, the project is
Categorically Exempt under CEQA Section 153015, Class 15 (Minor-Land Divisions) –
The site is zoned for industrial use into four (4) or fewer parcels when the division is in
Planning Commission Staff Report
October 9, 2024 – Page 6 of 6
Case TPM 38933
conformance with the General Plan and zoning, and no variances or exceptions are
required.
CONCLUSION:
The proposed Tentative Parcel Map to split one 56.46-acre lot into two parcels (Parcel 1
= 19.62-acres; Parcel 2 = 36.83-acres) complies with all the requirements outlined in the
above-mentioned sections of the Palm Springs Municipal Code and Zoning Code.
Therefore, Staff recommends approval of the proposed application and the determination
that the project is Categorically Exempt as a “Minor-Land Division” development. Further
review by the Planning Commission and Architectural Review Committee will occur with
the submission of a Major Development Permit, and Major Architectural Application when
a future development on either site is proposed.
PREPARED BY: Glenn Mlaker, AICP – Associate Planner
REVIEWED BY: Edward Robertson, Principal Planner
REVIEWED BY: Christopher Hadwin, Director of Planning Services
ATTACHMENTS:
1. Vicinity Map
2. Draft Resolution & Conditions of Approval
3. Justification Letter
4. Business Disclosure Form
5. Tentative Tract Map 38815
RESOLUTION NO.
A RESOLUTION OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY
OF PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING TENTATIVE
PARCEL MAP (TPM) 38933 TO SPLIT ONE (1) VACANT LOT OF
56.46-ACRES INTO TWO (2): PARCEL 1 = 19.62-ACRES AND
PARCEL 2 = 36.83-ACRES FOR THE PURPOSE OF FUTURE
DEVELOPMENT CONSISTENT WITH THE LISTED USES IN THE E-
1 (ENERGY INDUSTRIAL ) ZONE; A CATEGORICAL EXEMPTION
DETERMINATION AS A CLASS 15 “MINOR-LAND DIVISION” PER
CEQA FOR A PROJECT LOCATED AT APN 666-320-026, 18TH
AVENUE AND KAREN AVENUE, ZONE E-1. (CASE NO. TPM
38933)
THE PLANNING COMMISSION FINDS AND DETERMINES AS FOLLOWS:
A. Wintec Energy, LTD, (“Applicant”) has submitted an application with the City
pursuant to Chapter 9.62 of the City’s Municipal Code for a tentative parcel map (TPM
38933) and Section 66474 of the Subdivision Map Act requesting to split one (1) larger
56.46-acre lot into two (2) lots: Parcel 1 = 19.62 acres; and Parcel 2 = 36.83-acres for
future development. The application includes the Categorical Exemption determination
as a Class 15 “Minor-Land Division” development to meet the requirements of the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
B. A notice of the public hearing for Case TPM 38933 was given in accordance with
applicable law.
C. On October 9, 2024, a public hearing on the proposed Tentative Parcel Map
(TPM) 38933 was held by the Planning Commission in accordance with applicable law.
D. The Planning Commission has carefully reviewed and considered all of the
evidence presented in connection with the hearing on the project, including, but not
limited to, the staff report, and all written and oral testimony presented.
E. The proposed project associated with the above applications (“Project”) is
considered a “project” pursuant to the terms of the California Environmental Quality Act
(“CEQA”) and is determined to be Categorically Exempt as Class 15 “Minor-Land
Division”. The site is zoned for industrial use into four (4) or fewer parcels when the
division is in conformance with the General Plan and zoning, and no variances or
exceptions are required.
Planning Commission Resolution No. October 9, 2024
Case TPM 38933 Page 2 of 4
THE PLANNING COMMISSION HEREBY FINDS AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1:
Pursuant to Municipal Code Chapter 9.64 (Maps) and the State of California Subdivision
Map Act Section 66474, the Planning Commission finds as follows:
1. The proposed Tentative Tract Map or Tentative Parcel Map is consistent with all
applicable general and specific plans.
The Tentative Parcel Map (TPM) proposes to split one existing lot of 56.46 acres into
two (2) lots with Parcel 1 = 19.62 acres and Parcel 2 = 36.83 acres for the purpose of
future development consistent with the General Plan designation of Industrial (IND).
The Industrial (IND) land use typically includes warehouses, research and development
parks, light manufacturing, laboratories, and industrial services. The approval of the
TPM will allow for future development consistent with the E-1 (Light Industrial) zone and
land uses per the Industrial designation.
Specific goals and policies of the IND include:
Goal LU3 Attract and retain high-quality industrial and business park development.
LU3.1 Encourage well planned research and development areas and business
parks that contain coordinated design guidelines and enhanced amenities.
LU3.2 Promote opportunities for expansion and revitalization of industrial uses
within the City.
LU3.7 Continue to work with the Chamber of Commerce and other business
promotion groups within the City to attract new industrial businesses to
Palm Springs.
The vacant site has development potential to meet the stated goals above and the
finding has been met.
2. The design and improvements of the proposed Tentative Parcel Map are
consistent with the zone in which the property is located.
The subject 56.46- acre parcel is currently zoned E-1 (Energy Industrial) which typically
includes areas for alternative energy development, industrial development, and
cultivation uses including warehouses, research and development parks, light
manufacturing, laboratories, and industrial services. The approval of the TPM will allow
for future development consistent with the E-1 (Light Industrial) zone and land uses per
the Industrial designation. Any new project must be consistent with underlying zoning
and General Plan Land Use designation and continue through the required entitlement
process reviewed by the Planning Commission and the finding has been met.
Planning Commission Resolution No. October 9, 2024
Case TPM 38933 Page 3 of 4
3. The site is physically suited for this type of development.
The parcel is physically suited for the TPM as it is currently undeveloped and vacant
and contains native scrub brush and other plantings. The 56.46-acre parcel located at
the far north end of the City is an area that is designated for future development. The
vacant lot is relatively flat with a gentle slope downward from north to south. The two
parcels created will each be adequate in size to accommodate future uses that would
be consistent with the Industrial land use. Access will be via the construction of a new
18th Avenue and Karen Avenue. Proposed conditions of approval will address all
required site modifications consistent with City Standards and will assure safe access to
any future development and the finding has been met.
4. The site is physically suited for the proposed density of development.
The Tentative Parcel Map does not provide a specific project site plan and layout currently,
however, it does propose to split one (1) lot into two (2) resulting in an undeveloped parcel
which is physically suited for any future proposed development at a density consistent with
the Industrial land use designation. Industrial zoning allows for a 0.50 FAR for a stand-
alone industrial use. Given that each parcel to be created will be more than 36 and 19
acres, respectively, this will permit a wide variety of industrial projects to be developed on
each parcel. The approval of the TPM will allow the vacant property to be sold or
developed in a manner that is consistent with the Industrial land use and development
standards of the E-1 zone and the finding has been met.
5. The design of the subdivision is not likely to cause environmental damage or
substantially and avoidably injure fish, wildlife, or their habitats.
The subject site is a flat ungraded lot with native vegetation. The TPM project has been
determined to be Categorically Exempt as a Class 15 “Minor-Land Division” for CEQA
purposes. The act of dividing the parcel with no development as of yet will not disturb any
habitat area, however any future development will require DEQA analysis should a
proposal be submitted. The approval of the lot split into two (2) parcels will cause no
environmental damage as a result of the proposed parcel map and the finding has been
met.
6. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements is not likely to cause
serious public health problems.
Any development of the site would be consistent with Section 94.04 of the Palm Springs
Zoning Code requiring further review by the Planning Commission and Architectural
Review Committee for proposed building elevations, site and landscape plans. Any future
development will be designed in a way that meets and exceeds City Standards and will
include connections to all public utilities including water and sewer systems. The
development will have appropriately designed and constructed streets and internal private
driveways built to City standards providing ingress/egress. Access to the site to be via the
construction of 18th Avenue connecting with North Indian Canyon Drive.
Planning Commission Resolution No. October 9, 2024
Case TPM 38933 Page 4 of 4
7. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements will not conflict with
easements, acquired by the public at large, for access through or use of the
property within the proposed subdivision.
The Tentative Parcel Map shows several easements on both parcels. For Parcel 1 there
is a reciprocal access easement on the east property line providing for a future street. In
addition, there is a water easement running through the middle of the parcel. Parcel 2 has
a large electrical transmission easement that bisects the southwest corner of the property.
These easements will remain and do not affect the splitting of this parcel. Any proposed
development will need to take into consideration these easements and propose a design
that does not encroach or invalidate these easements, and the finding has been met.
THE PLANNING COMMISSION RESOLVES:
That the findings and determinations reflected above are true and correct and are
incorporated by this reference herein as the cause and foundation for the action taken
by and through this Resolutions. Based upon the foregoing, the Planning Commission
hereby approves Tentative Parcel Map (TPM 38933) to split one (1) larger 56.46-acre
lot into two (2) lots: Parcel 1 = 19.62 acres; and Parcel 2 = 36.83-acres for future
development subject to the conditions set forth in the attached Exhibit A.
ADOPTED this 9th day of October, 2024.
MOTION:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
ATTEST: CITY OF PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA
______________________________________
Christopher Hadwin
Director of Planning Services
RESOLUTION NO.
EXHIBIT A
Case: Tentative Parcel Map 38933
Wintec, LTD
October 9, 2024
CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL
Before final acceptance of the project, all conditions listed below shall be completed to the
satisfaction of the City Engineer, the Director of Planning Services, the Director of
Building and Safety, the Chief of Police, the Fire Chief or their designee, depending on
which department recommended the condition.
Any agreements, easements or covenants required to be entered into shall be in a form
approved by the City Attorney.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONDITIONS
ADM 1. Project Description. This approval is for the project described per Case TPM
38933, except as modified the conditions below.
ADM 2. Tentative Parcel Map. This approval is for Tentative Parcel Map TTM 38933
to split one (1) larger lot into two (2): Parcel 1 = 19.62-acres and Parcel 2 =
56.46-acres located at APN 666-320-026, 18th Avenue and Karen Avenue
with plans date stamped August 14, 2024, and on file in the Planning Division
except as modified by the conditions below. This approval shall be subject to
all applicable regulations of the Subdivision Map Act, the Palm Springs
Municipal Code, and any other applicable City Codes, ordinances and
resolutions.
ADM 3. Conform to all Codes and Regulations. The project shall conform to the
conditions contained herein, all applicable regulations of the Palm Springs
Zoning Ordinance, Municipal Code, and any other City County, State and
Federal Codes, ordinances, resolutions and laws that may apply.
ADM 4. Minor Deviations. The Development Services Director or designee may
approve minor deviations to the project description and approved plans in
accordance with the provisions of the Palm Springs Zoning Code.
ADM 5. Indemnification. The owner shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the
City of Palm Springs, its agents, officers, and employees from any claim,
action, or proceeding against the City of Palm Springs or its agents, officers
or employees to attach, set aside, void or annul, an approval of the City of
Palm Springs, its legislative body, advisory agencies, or administrative
officers concerning Tentative Parcel Map 38933. The City of Palm Springs will
Conditions of Approval Page 2 of 3
TPM 38933 October 9, 2024
promptly notify the applicant of any such claim, action, or proceeding against
the City of Palm Springs and the applicant will either undertake defense of the
matter and pay the City's associated legal costs or will advance funds to pay
for defense of the matter by the City Attorney. If the City of Palm Springs fails
to promptly notify the applicant of any such claim, action or proceeding or fails
to cooperate fully in the defense, the applicant shall not, thereafter, be
responsible to defend, indemnify, or hold harmless the City of Palm Springs.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the City retains the right to settle or abandon
the matter without the applicant's consent but should it do so, the City shall
waive the indemnification herein, except, the City's decision to settle or
abandon a matter following an adverse judgment or failure to appeal, shall not
cause a waiver of the indemnification rights herein.
ADM 6. Time Limit on Approval. Approval of the Tentative Parcel Map (TTM 38933)
shall be valid for two (2) years from the effective date of approval unless an
extension of time is granted by the Subdivision Map Act and or the Planning
Commission. Extensions of time may be granted by the Planning Commission
upon demonstration of good cause.
ADM 7. Right to Appeal. Decisions of an administrative officer or agency of the City
of Palm Springs may be appealed in accordance with Municipal Code
Chapter 2.05. Permits will not be issued until the appeal period has
concluded.
PLANNING DIVISION CONDITIONS
PLN 1. Applications Required. Further review is required for a Major Development
Permit, and Major Architectural Application for future development.
PLN 2. No Development of Site. The newly formed two (2) parcels shall remain
vacant and in a natural state until such time that a future development shall
be approved by the Planning Commission. There shall be no grading of the
site or use for off-street parking unless approved by the Director of Planning
Services.
PLN 3. Prior to recordation of the final subdivision map, the developer shall submit for
review and approval the following documents to the Planning Division which
shall demonstrate that the project will be developed and maintained in
accordance with the intent and purpose of the approved tentative map:
a. Deed restrictions, easements, covenant conditions and restrictions that
are to be recorded.
b. The approved documents shall be recorded at the same time that the
subdivision map is recorded. The documents shall contain provisions for
access into the proposed parcels. The approved documents shall contain
a provision which provides that they may not be terminated or
Conditions of Approval Page 3 of 3
TPM 38933 October 9, 2024
substantially amended without the consent of the City and the developer’s
successor-in-interest.
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CONDITIONS
The Engineering Services Department recommends that if this application is approved,
such approval is subject to the following conditions being completed in compliance with
City standards and ordinances.
Before final acceptance of the project, all conditions listed below shall be completed to
the satisfaction of the City Engineer.
All Grading Plans, Improvement Plans, Required Studies and Documents listed below,
must be submitted to Engineering Services Department for review and approval.
MAP
ENG 1. A Parcel Map shall be prepared by a California registered Land Surveyor
or qualified Civil Engineer and submitted to the Engineering Services
Department for review and approval. A Title Report prepared for
subdivision guarantee for the subject property, the traverse closures for
the existing parcel and all lots created therefrom, and copies of record
documents shall be submitted with the Parcel Map to the Engineering
Services Department as part of the review of the Map. The Parcel Map
shall be approved by the City Council prior to issuance of permits for any
future development.
ENG 2. Upon approval of a final parcel map, the final parcel map shall be provided
to the City in G.I.S. digital format, consistent with the “Guidelines for G.I.S.
Digital Submission” from the Riverside County Transportation and Land
Management Agency.” G.I.S. digital information shall consist of the
following data: California Coordinate System, CCS83 Zone 6 (in U.S.
feet); monuments (ASCII drawing exchange file); lot lines, rights-of-way,
and centerlines shown as continuous lines; full map annotation consistent
with annotation shown on the map; map number; and map file name.
G.I.S. data format shall be provided on a CDROM/DVD containing the
following: ArcGIS Geodatabase, ArcView Shapefile, ArcInfo Coverage or
Exchange file, DWG (AutoCAD drawing filetype), DGN (Microstation
drawing filetype), DXF (AutoCAD ASCII drawing exchange filetype), and
PDF (Adobe Acrobat document filetype) formats. Variations of the type
and format of G.I.S. digital data to be submitted to the City may be
authorized, upon prior approval of the City Engineer.
END OF CONDITIONS